{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6CUZLM6YNMV","short_pith_number":"pith:AEV4IMTX","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2405.04420","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-05-07T15:44:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"858b9d4f00f0b128ed4d399915a0d8fe3980916a76c362a9e1b89adbe766b504","abstract_canon_sha256":"b4e93b1c6b22ed1bc03e1675a0aa984234a132158f042774dc5ec65f7abbf94d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"012bc43277f8b9d16ebe1532b67b0d655ed303465dbfac2ba4999dd326c0e2e5","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2405.04420","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2405.04420","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2405.04420v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.04420","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"AEV4IMTX7C45","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"AEV4IMTX","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6CUZLM6YNMV","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2405.04420","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-05-07T15:44:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"858b9d4f00f0b128ed4d399915a0d8fe3980916a76c362a9e1b89adbe766b504","abstract_canon_sha256":"b4e93b1c6b22ed1bc03e1675a0aa984234a132158f042774dc5ec65f7abbf94d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"012bc43277f8b9d16ebe1532b67b0d655ed303465dbfac2ba4999dd326c0e2e5","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50.079543Z","signature_b64":"Ta3PNvhmf5JavheGRxVp8ZSjHHORl/HJ15K1P8RYeTVTW+d0d2NGhVdp86hyvpmZmqNJl3H2vpBCCgUkxu4vBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"012bc43277f8b9d16ebe1532b67b0d655ed303465dbfac2ba4999dd326c0e2e5","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50.079052Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50.079052Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2405.04420","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"lukfc1MAcV4Iptg3ALdnnh/VL4BMsJ8xA5O+ZePvKNCyVGJqe+P1NxPGJyGGHYFPIiOZxotbtPtsWc1ALAzlCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T09:35:12.962194Z"},"content_sha256":"9f31e2a016d09d4d7445637e3a86cf78e4078f1c09e64e60b67da94ad3b88c46","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9f31e2a016d09d4d7445637e3a86cf78e4078f1c09e64e60b67da94ad3b88c46"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6CUZLM6YNMV","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Fully Automated Selfish Mining Analysis in Efficient Proof Systems Blockchains","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Amirali Ebrahimzadeh, {\\DJ}or{\\dj}e \\v{Z}ikeli\\'c, Krishnendu Chatterjee, Krzysztof Pietrzak, Mehrdad Karrabi, Michelle Yeo","submitted_at":"2024-05-07T15:44:39Z","abstract_excerpt":"We study selfish mining attacks in longest-chain blockchains like Bitcoin, but where the proof of work is replaced with efficient proof systems -- like proofs of stake or proofs of space -- and consider the problem of computing an optimal selfish mining attack which maximizes expected relative revenue of the adversary, thus minimizing the chain quality. To this end, we propose a novel selfish mining attack that aims to maximize this objective and formally model the attack as a Markov decision process (MDP). We then present a formal analysis procedure which computes an $\\epsilon$-tight lower bo"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2405.04420","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2405.04420/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ZY5Mc5PBG8+hdp2mZYEGGmzKDq+ApN3SQfHrBBefdJ+p1u3w69++O2Qnq3U0oUUJ2zUB9dH5xcybo3ZvE/gBDw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T09:35:12.962682Z"},"content_sha256":"4828600c62d693a1de2a99d5ba2427dfbd7ffab6cea182d1272a4f12e5c7b000","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4828600c62d693a1de2a99d5ba2427dfbd7ffab6cea182d1272a4f12e5c7b000"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6CUZLM6YNMV/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6CUZLM6YNMV/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6CUZLM6YNMV/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T09:35:12Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6CUZLM6YNMV","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6CUZLM6YNMV/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6CUZLM6YNMV/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6CUZLM6YNMV/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6CUZLM6YNMV","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b4e93b1c6b22ed1bc03e1675a0aa984234a132158f042774dc5ec65f7abbf94d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-05-07T15:44:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"858b9d4f00f0b128ed4d399915a0d8fe3980916a76c362a9e1b89adbe766b504"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2405.04420","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2405.04420","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2405.04420v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.04420","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"AEV4IMTX7C45","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"AEV4IMTX7C45C3V6","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"AEV4IMTX","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4828600c62d693a1de2a99d5ba2427dfbd7ffab6cea182d1272a4f12e5c7b000","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2405.04420/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We study selfish mining attacks in longest-chain blockchains like Bitcoin, but where the proof of work is replaced with efficient proof systems -- like proofs of stake or proofs of space -- and consider the problem of computing an optimal selfish mining attack which maximizes expected relative revenue of the adversary, thus minimizing the chain quality. To this end, we propose a novel selfish mining attack that aims to maximize this objective and formally model the attack as a Markov decision process (MDP). We then present a formal analysis procedure which computes an $\\epsilon$-tight lower bo","authors_text":"Amirali Ebrahimzadeh, {\\DJ}or{\\dj}e \\v{Z}ikeli\\'c, Krishnendu Chatterjee, Krzysztof Pietrzak, Mehrdad Karrabi, Michelle Yeo","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-05-07T15:44:39Z","title":"Fully Automated Selfish Mining Analysis in Efficient Proof Systems Blockchains"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2405.04420","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9f31e2a016d09d4d7445637e3a86cf78e4078f1c09e64e60b67da94ad3b88c46","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b4e93b1c6b22ed1bc03e1675a0aa984234a132158f042774dc5ec65f7abbf94d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2024-05-07T15:44:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"858b9d4f00f0b128ed4d399915a0d8fe3980916a76c362a9e1b89adbe766b504"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2405.04420","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"012bc43277f8b9d16ebe1532b67b0d655ed303465dbfac2ba4999dd326c0e2e5","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"012bc43277f8b9d16ebe1532b67b0d655ed303465dbfac2ba4999dd326c0e2e5","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50.079052Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50.079052Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Ta3PNvhmf5JavheGRxVp8ZSjHHORl/HJ15K1P8RYeTVTW+d0d2NGhVdp86hyvpmZmqNJl3H2vpBCCgUkxu4vBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:16:50.079543Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2405.04420","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9f31e2a016d09d4d7445637e3a86cf78e4078f1c09e64e60b67da94ad3b88c46","sha256:4828600c62d693a1de2a99d5ba2427dfbd7ffab6cea182d1272a4f12e5c7b000"],"state_sha256":"40ac270774d0f2537cc5616abd3f1a664cc6e711db8c664db09cb95dccdf7b16"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xidXG9VMg++VxJmqzSsd8uCK7a/a6MkjoA5jDdWFT9QEdwp6bmvdONKWIQuntMNNuAx98QdhgFj11g4Dxg0DCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T09:35:12.966009Z","bundle_sha256":"13afc076fb88f0e025afa84fb893c3c51d16309967ad02a0b008c17fd732a88f"}}