{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2GNXIGNIFBB","short_pith_number":"pith:AIWZKHWS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.01792","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.PF","submitted_at":"2021-05-04T23:10:43Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SY","eess.SY","q-fin.RM"],"title_canon_sha256":"4cfb8728c146a0d6fb079139be89661066d5855dc9f1b814c42f2843f75ce586","abstract_canon_sha256":"ba9f76af17a9459f30f4ebda9bb0dbaa875e383609f029065875146e57087782"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"022d951ed2cf618edc3a336e833505086aaaf111dd4dace7d1a7458b15bfc130","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2105.01792","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.01792","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.01792v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.01792","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"AIWZKHWSZ5QY","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"AIWZKHWS","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2GNXIGNIFBB","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2105.01792","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.PF","submitted_at":"2021-05-04T23:10:43Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SY","eess.SY","q-fin.RM"],"title_canon_sha256":"4cfb8728c146a0d6fb079139be89661066d5855dc9f1b814c42f2843f75ce586","abstract_canon_sha256":"ba9f76af17a9459f30f4ebda9bb0dbaa875e383609f029065875146e57087782"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"022d951ed2cf618edc3a336e833505086aaaf111dd4dace7d1a7458b15bfc130","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48.260486Z","signature_b64":"fwukYznX5FXQc75pYMzspE5NKpxTKPL1qF3whfXm9xaTGqqj9ownWZZuJPkE40PTZKkNVEwRb6Dl/m9Ea40NBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"022d951ed2cf618edc3a336e833505086aaaf111dd4dace7d1a7458b15bfc130","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48.259998Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48.259998Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2105.01792","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JVc9rheMYfIdv5958XdbY/YL27Xr7wPzYOq4oXdqbJe/KunNM5uIh6E1Paz4y2h7fQ8vPk22Ue140WYbtcsLBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T07:16:03.573202Z"},"content_sha256":"88222352366362e77d910d20384d6df58478ee560ca71916c04ef7dbddfc835b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:88222352366362e77d910d20384d6df58478ee560ca71916c04ef7dbddfc835b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2GNXIGNIFBB","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Aggregate Cyber-Risk Management in the IoT Age: Cautionary Statistics for (Re)Insurers and Likes","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SY","eess.SY","q-fin.RM"],"primary_cat":"cs.PF","authors_text":"Jon Crowcroft, Mingyan Liu, Nishanth Sastry, Ranjan Pal, Sasu Tarkoma, Sergey Lototsky, Swades De, Xinlong Yin, Ziyuan Huang","submitted_at":"2021-05-04T23:10:43Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we provide (i) a rigorous general theory to elicit conditions on (tail-dependent) heavy-tailed cyber-risk distributions under which a risk management firm might find it (non)sustainable to provide aggregate cyber-risk coverage services for smart societies, and (ii)a real-data driven numerical study to validate claims made in theory assuming boundedly rational cyber-risk managers, alongside providing ideas to boost markets that aggregate dependent cyber-risks with heavy-tails.To the best of our knowledge, this is the only complete general theory till date on the feasibility of ag"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.01792","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2105.01792/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"EDzu5nzZhAh15KBvGf8E2/6UDuf8FBQUS7s/ZHsgtlqtmo3WXGfQaHScJV7YZHCNu/teYfYBGNVjO/2nktqeBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T07:16:03.573710Z"},"content_sha256":"188121e9de7c9d48bcdd1f34092e964d82e069bb75236f32e55672c9ccb05180","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:188121e9de7c9d48bcdd1f34092e964d82e069bb75236f32e55672c9ccb05180"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2GNXIGNIFBB/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2GNXIGNIFBB/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2GNXIGNIFBB/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T07:16:03Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2GNXIGNIFBB","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2GNXIGNIFBB/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2GNXIGNIFBB/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2GNXIGNIFBB/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2GNXIGNIFBB","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ba9f76af17a9459f30f4ebda9bb0dbaa875e383609f029065875146e57087782","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SY","eess.SY","q-fin.RM"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.PF","submitted_at":"2021-05-04T23:10:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"4cfb8728c146a0d6fb079139be89661066d5855dc9f1b814c42f2843f75ce586"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.01792","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2105.01792","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2105.01792v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2105.01792","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"AIWZKHWSZ5QY","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"AIWZKHWSZ5QY5XB2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"AIWZKHWS","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:188121e9de7c9d48bcdd1f34092e964d82e069bb75236f32e55672c9ccb05180","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2105.01792/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we provide (i) a rigorous general theory to elicit conditions on (tail-dependent) heavy-tailed cyber-risk distributions under which a risk management firm might find it (non)sustainable to provide aggregate cyber-risk coverage services for smart societies, and (ii)a real-data driven numerical study to validate claims made in theory assuming boundedly rational cyber-risk managers, alongside providing ideas to boost markets that aggregate dependent cyber-risks with heavy-tails.To the best of our knowledge, this is the only complete general theory till date on the feasibility of ag","authors_text":"Jon Crowcroft, Mingyan Liu, Nishanth Sastry, Ranjan Pal, Sasu Tarkoma, Sergey Lototsky, Swades De, Xinlong Yin, Ziyuan Huang","cross_cats":["cs.SY","eess.SY","q-fin.RM"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.PF","submitted_at":"2021-05-04T23:10:43Z","title":"Aggregate Cyber-Risk Management in the IoT Age: Cautionary Statistics for (Re)Insurers and Likes"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2105.01792","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:88222352366362e77d910d20384d6df58478ee560ca71916c04ef7dbddfc835b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"ba9f76af17a9459f30f4ebda9bb0dbaa875e383609f029065875146e57087782","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SY","eess.SY","q-fin.RM"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.PF","submitted_at":"2021-05-04T23:10:43Z","title_canon_sha256":"4cfb8728c146a0d6fb079139be89661066d5855dc9f1b814c42f2843f75ce586"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2105.01792","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"022d951ed2cf618edc3a336e833505086aaaf111dd4dace7d1a7458b15bfc130","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"022d951ed2cf618edc3a336e833505086aaaf111dd4dace7d1a7458b15bfc130","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48.259998Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48.259998Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"fwukYznX5FXQc75pYMzspE5NKpxTKPL1qF3whfXm9xaTGqqj9ownWZZuJPkE40PTZKkNVEwRb6Dl/m9Ea40NBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:37:48.260486Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2105.01792","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:88222352366362e77d910d20384d6df58478ee560ca71916c04ef7dbddfc835b","sha256:188121e9de7c9d48bcdd1f34092e964d82e069bb75236f32e55672c9ccb05180"],"state_sha256":"01fde947c1b1ca785c0473b70a26e9af7ce49c447659665ff8d669999e54cfe3"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"HXPT0CdL8qRYW9hMhD1uUTIY2e2ypLlnOPuueDIyRMIoEEwbHcJ18g5xC+NRBN/sDaDx+AWxjhAmTVbmRVI5AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T07:16:03.579785Z","bundle_sha256":"b655c89d6b6b27eb7a8d6d53366b32efd6b47f828d605fef5475dbe18f0e608a"}}