{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:APXJ2CZIWAFEKLMEDGLSD4N2PN","short_pith_number":"pith:APXJ2CZI","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.05843","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2018-04-16T18:00:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"1b34ae138ce8185b343aea08d33a3f2d4bb5617b3b5901dc73125fe7921516d6","abstract_canon_sha256":"a84a2a0c744f575bb32dcca982ea8812d5ffaa0c18a1976b49fd048cd0370941"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"03ee9d0b28b00a452d84199721f1ba7b59d0b45eccb694649f62b75ae81625f5","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1804.05843","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.05843","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.05843v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.05843","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"APXJ2CZIWAFE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"APXJ2CZIWAFEKLME","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"APXJ2CZI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:APXJ2CZIWAFEKLMEDGLSD4N2PN","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1804.05843","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2018-04-16T18:00:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"1b34ae138ce8185b343aea08d33a3f2d4bb5617b3b5901dc73125fe7921516d6","abstract_canon_sha256":"a84a2a0c744f575bb32dcca982ea8812d5ffaa0c18a1976b49fd048cd0370941"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"03ee9d0b28b00a452d84199721f1ba7b59d0b45eccb694649f62b75ae81625f5","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14.986600Z","signature_b64":"r21D0AP/YwdXzfZDmuQtrGzMDFH7LPfgWw9EKxIiFQZpU6hz/+aVXKMxHFwMqIMvjxsknA5hDvlyzuFlWtd4BA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"03ee9d0b28b00a452d84199721f1ba7b59d0b45eccb694649f62b75ae81625f5","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14.986236Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14.986236Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1804.05843","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"2y/Id4SuwyRTYVQG3hBnlMHhpQ4BTiWk5aLRKlA5oAIpVL36gdWsPIi1GmcWXiaIzP+Ghce9czngajoPTunJCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T08:05:37.091590Z"},"content_sha256":"12bd1c560ec5e9e89f4a1eb4cefa7a797fae6e10563eaa7e18eaae5a8df768f9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:12bd1c560ec5e9e89f4a1eb4cefa7a797fae6e10563eaa7e18eaae5a8df768f9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:APXJ2CZIWAFEKLMEDGLSD4N2PN","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Astrophysical radio background cannot explain the EDGES 21-cm signal: constraints from cooling of non-thermal electrons","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["hep-ph"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","authors_text":"Prateek Sharma","submitted_at":"2018-04-16T18:00:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recently the EDGES experiment has claimed the detection of an absorption feature centered at 78 MHz. When interpreted as a signature of cosmic dawn, this feature appears at the correct wavelength (corresponding to a redshift range of $z\\approx15-20$) but is larger by at least a factor of two in amplitude compared to the standard 21-cm models. One way to explain the excess radio absorption is by the enhancement of the diffuse radio background at $\\nu = 1.42$ GHz ($\\lambda=21$ cm) in the rest frame of the absorbing neutral hydrogen. Astrophysical scenarios, based on the acceleration of relativis"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.05843","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"tWWYWUmzhHMj4a/VWeqGlx6mn8jnzRS+vjFda2voPxHDNp37WKaXV1cSe09RaW/PeZoD1u44DPTDZYhph+csBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T08:05:37.092048Z"},"content_sha256":"618a3a4cdd87dd75e6be02fd9ec2b8c3db6378f5a5beb05389b1657e5e3dbefb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:618a3a4cdd87dd75e6be02fd9ec2b8c3db6378f5a5beb05389b1657e5e3dbefb"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/APXJ2CZIWAFEKLMEDGLSD4N2PN/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/APXJ2CZIWAFEKLMEDGLSD4N2PN/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/APXJ2CZIWAFEKLMEDGLSD4N2PN/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-15T08:05:37Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/APXJ2CZIWAFEKLMEDGLSD4N2PN","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/APXJ2CZIWAFEKLMEDGLSD4N2PN/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/APXJ2CZIWAFEKLMEDGLSD4N2PN/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/APXJ2CZIWAFEKLMEDGLSD4N2PN/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:APXJ2CZIWAFEKLMEDGLSD4N2PN","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a84a2a0c744f575bb32dcca982ea8812d5ffaa0c18a1976b49fd048cd0370941","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2018-04-16T18:00:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"1b34ae138ce8185b343aea08d33a3f2d4bb5617b3b5901dc73125fe7921516d6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.05843","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1804.05843","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1804.05843v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1804.05843","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"APXJ2CZIWAFE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"APXJ2CZIWAFEKLME","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"APXJ2CZI","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:618a3a4cdd87dd75e6be02fd9ec2b8c3db6378f5a5beb05389b1657e5e3dbefb","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recently the EDGES experiment has claimed the detection of an absorption feature centered at 78 MHz. When interpreted as a signature of cosmic dawn, this feature appears at the correct wavelength (corresponding to a redshift range of $z\\approx15-20$) but is larger by at least a factor of two in amplitude compared to the standard 21-cm models. One way to explain the excess radio absorption is by the enhancement of the diffuse radio background at $\\nu = 1.42$ GHz ($\\lambda=21$ cm) in the rest frame of the absorbing neutral hydrogen. Astrophysical scenarios, based on the acceleration of relativis","authors_text":"Prateek Sharma","cross_cats":["hep-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2018-04-16T18:00:01Z","title":"Astrophysical radio background cannot explain the EDGES 21-cm signal: constraints from cooling of non-thermal electrons"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1804.05843","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:12bd1c560ec5e9e89f4a1eb4cefa7a797fae6e10563eaa7e18eaae5a8df768f9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"a84a2a0c744f575bb32dcca982ea8812d5ffaa0c18a1976b49fd048cd0370941","cross_cats_sorted":["hep-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2018-04-16T18:00:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"1b34ae138ce8185b343aea08d33a3f2d4bb5617b3b5901dc73125fe7921516d6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1804.05843","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"03ee9d0b28b00a452d84199721f1ba7b59d0b45eccb694649f62b75ae81625f5","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"03ee9d0b28b00a452d84199721f1ba7b59d0b45eccb694649f62b75ae81625f5","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14.986236Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14.986236Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"r21D0AP/YwdXzfZDmuQtrGzMDFH7LPfgWw9EKxIiFQZpU6hz/+aVXKMxHFwMqIMvjxsknA5hDvlyzuFlWtd4BA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:08:14.986600Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1804.05843","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:12bd1c560ec5e9e89f4a1eb4cefa7a797fae6e10563eaa7e18eaae5a8df768f9","sha256:618a3a4cdd87dd75e6be02fd9ec2b8c3db6378f5a5beb05389b1657e5e3dbefb"],"state_sha256":"3f2452252925aefe73784049c5b0d54089c9641c70ff3c341a8657f66e365b52"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"XFrgZv8aog7AZEm9wPMb10nglotjFaKzySyMwWg4ypdGsezyZyCySVOeWeyAeh5sCISgSC5P4rClU2psAPaWAQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-15T08:05:37.096491Z","bundle_sha256":"392babf76a0c3f11a9f7b667a52c1cd14f223110fd20cf0c97684cfd65341681"}}