{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4ZJZCI5T2KH","short_pith_number":"pith:B3RYM4WR","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2203.05339","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.hist-ph","submitted_at":"2022-03-10T12:42:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"title_canon_sha256":"57b0bd8f8ff2d9ee359edc0d0e6f811f4c03bf265ad53fb6338a791c108a84ac","abstract_canon_sha256":"6045ebc51baebd58ea4d5a41d256d035ba05a4b2d3455b6bae4439cb34944406"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0ee38672d12406005ddcca7224767a51e6f8531092a8ea525a3bcea69736b58c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2203.05339","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2203.05339","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2203.05339v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2203.05339","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"B3RYM4WREQDA","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"B3RYM4WR","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4ZJZCI5T2KH","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2203.05339","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.hist-ph","submitted_at":"2022-03-10T12:42:31Z","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"title_canon_sha256":"57b0bd8f8ff2d9ee359edc0d0e6f811f4c03bf265ad53fb6338a791c108a84ac","abstract_canon_sha256":"6045ebc51baebd58ea4d5a41d256d035ba05a4b2d3455b6bae4439cb34944406"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0ee38672d12406005ddcca7224767a51e6f8531092a8ea525a3bcea69736b58c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51.975780Z","signature_b64":"C2rvqCv4ZM7FYDbaRKYch9/CMMTL9RChbkW5cTSrxhmZV2vl/HhpTaVusMm4a2HaifVxFAvf9Cuo35PHL2QMBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0ee38672d12406005ddcca7224767a51e6f8531092a8ea525a3bcea69736b58c","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51.975374Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51.975374Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2203.05339","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"D3PphcXMozkFJrr5SH4Kuv8S40uCOtmlbG2eyP3DLdBwc+7V4xTLFlquBqfE6Fa5OL99FP1SGCqIz/aISmZdCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T08:57:03.339802Z"},"content_sha256":"c1d47b54c7ac143a4be4152acd5597a1e0c1ca4a09f9fd06f622047626e1500a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c1d47b54c7ac143a4be4152acd5597a1e0c1ca4a09f9fd06f622047626e1500a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4ZJZCI5T2KH","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Why gauge? Conceptual Aspects of Gauge theories","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"primary_cat":"physics.hist-ph","authors_text":"Henrique Gomes","submitted_at":"2022-03-10T12:42:31Z","abstract_excerpt":"This thesis is about conceptual aspects of gauge theories.\n  Gauge theories lie at the heart of modern physics: in particular, they constitute the standard model of particle physics. At its simplest, the idea of gauge is that nature is best described using a descriptively redundant language; the different descriptions are said to be related by a gauge symmetry. The over-arching question the thesis aims to answer is: how can descriptive redundancy be fruitful for physics?"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2203.05339","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2203.05339/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"oNf7OtPuidBgYVQM2h+99gkH/iEMs0wH+uULsCQ3t/61ATrX/mZelWNzObS19VzvIEE1AZFtvLfyO6EtZFnxBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T08:57:03.340331Z"},"content_sha256":"65d62a990dedf5e43ff14edf8a14775e635f0b889f39adfbbeb1064d96286452","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:65d62a990dedf5e43ff14edf8a14775e635f0b889f39adfbbeb1064d96286452"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4ZJZCI5T2KH/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4ZJZCI5T2KH/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4ZJZCI5T2KH/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-19T08:57:03Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4ZJZCI5T2KH","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4ZJZCI5T2KH/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4ZJZCI5T2KH/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4ZJZCI5T2KH/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4ZJZCI5T2KH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6045ebc51baebd58ea4d5a41d256d035ba05a4b2d3455b6bae4439cb34944406","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.hist-ph","submitted_at":"2022-03-10T12:42:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"57b0bd8f8ff2d9ee359edc0d0e6f811f4c03bf265ad53fb6338a791c108a84ac"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2203.05339","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2203.05339","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2203.05339v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2203.05339","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"B3RYM4WREQDA","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"B3RYM4WREQDAAXO4","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"B3RYM4WR","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:65d62a990dedf5e43ff14edf8a14775e635f0b889f39adfbbeb1064d96286452","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2203.05339/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This thesis is about conceptual aspects of gauge theories.\n  Gauge theories lie at the heart of modern physics: in particular, they constitute the standard model of particle physics. At its simplest, the idea of gauge is that nature is best described using a descriptively redundant language; the different descriptions are said to be related by a gauge symmetry. The over-arching question the thesis aims to answer is: how can descriptive redundancy be fruitful for physics?","authors_text":"Henrique Gomes","cross_cats":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.hist-ph","submitted_at":"2022-03-10T12:42:31Z","title":"Why gauge? Conceptual Aspects of Gauge theories"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2203.05339","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:c1d47b54c7ac143a4be4152acd5597a1e0c1ca4a09f9fd06f622047626e1500a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"6045ebc51baebd58ea4d5a41d256d035ba05a4b2d3455b6bae4439cb34944406","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.hist-ph","submitted_at":"2022-03-10T12:42:31Z","title_canon_sha256":"57b0bd8f8ff2d9ee359edc0d0e6f811f4c03bf265ad53fb6338a791c108a84ac"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2203.05339","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"0ee38672d12406005ddcca7224767a51e6f8531092a8ea525a3bcea69736b58c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0ee38672d12406005ddcca7224767a51e6f8531092a8ea525a3bcea69736b58c","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51.975374Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51.975374Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"C2rvqCv4ZM7FYDbaRKYch9/CMMTL9RChbkW5cTSrxhmZV2vl/HhpTaVusMm4a2HaifVxFAvf9Cuo35PHL2QMBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:51.975780Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2203.05339","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:c1d47b54c7ac143a4be4152acd5597a1e0c1ca4a09f9fd06f622047626e1500a","sha256:65d62a990dedf5e43ff14edf8a14775e635f0b889f39adfbbeb1064d96286452"],"state_sha256":"6105974ba7d99c12f810dd950c482ab4f5738ed88fefac679a17fc4cb731e671"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vFGjgSpRS2hddeYgJTKRVQvxx+c6EplmNLiGNMrn2oHyrmPVyrF3F8/Ygd8HraH13GM9jNogualJyWzb2DEgCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-19T08:57:03.344238Z","bundle_sha256":"246f931127b6d42d8ffaf60864d876865c2d012478978636558e0ac74abf1031"}}