{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:B4BUDP4XMUFHUQX5TE5VEH2DDH","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"45fa08bf9d9d5e7349cefd8c6da6ce1325f08f0adeb80734dcc950ff3656fd3c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","math.IT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2018-05-29T19:04:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"2c1f1184b8b65ea73bb679df287ca706dec1ecc9fd47df42d907ac4ac68aef26"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1805.11666","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1805.11666","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1805.11666v2","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1805.11666","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"B4BUDP4XMUFH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"B4BUDP4XMUFHUQX5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"B4BUDP4X","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:13Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:12704f4c622c7cd2c81ab3c70d122eaf9aa1f9d38f0ad4b5cae088c8fbf10a00","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In September 2017, McAffee Labs quarterly report estimated that brute force attacks represent 20\\% of total network attacks, making them the most prevalent type of attack ex-aequo with browser based vulnerabilities. These attacks have sometimes catastrophic consequences, and understanding their fundamental limits may play an important role in the risk assessment of password-secured systems, and in the design of better security protocols. While some solutions exist to prevent online brute-force attacks that arise from one single IP address, attacks performed by botnets are more challenging. In ","authors_text":"Ahmad Beirami, Asaf Cohen, Muriel M\\'edard, Salman Salamatian, Wasim Huleihel","cross_cats":["cs.CR","math.IT"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2018-05-29T19:04:03Z","title":"Why Botnets Work: Distributed Brute-Force Attacks Need No Synchronization"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1805.11666","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:7efd186e486e29bd27b804f4f0c66f78a7426529cbad96d498fe3dcbe43ea052","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"45fa08bf9d9d5e7349cefd8c6da6ce1325f08f0adeb80734dcc950ff3656fd3c","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CR","math.IT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.IT","submitted_at":"2018-05-29T19:04:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"2c1f1184b8b65ea73bb679df287ca706dec1ecc9fd47df42d907ac4ac68aef26"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1805.11666","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"0f0341bf97650a7a42fd993b521f4319eb73872fc61e5ddba1d270d2457ce7e9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0f0341bf97650a7a42fd993b521f4319eb73872fc61e5ddba1d270d2457ce7e9","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:54.042094Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:54.042094Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"sP5sYRTwSa/v2ID+FFIzDYvmDpxsWZIRPkRuaWfhIF3c8L0FdLi3bztcab8vJYCDW8Y7V+D8OUqCS5HHOR+2Cg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:41:54.042589Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1805.11666","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:7efd186e486e29bd27b804f4f0c66f78a7426529cbad96d498fe3dcbe43ea052","sha256:12704f4c622c7cd2c81ab3c70d122eaf9aa1f9d38f0ad4b5cae088c8fbf10a00"],"state_sha256":"2fdf0affaa4571884ebba251ad1a30d9441d10ce9a1e9d012f162bf9224c708a"}