{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GDWM5QMLIEKM","short_pith_number":"pith:BD7LPOGV","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2601.02322","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-01-05T18:13:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"98e430199d4b7d91af8db03495dcc6859511c41a0a471226a00dc0c7047e38fa","abstract_canon_sha256":"b82d62e1aa8b6349ab95b91cd5640a001055bc2d222b384c8b8771e07211f23b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"08feb7b8d5bf94cce8c3b33b062d04531f75325eb007a20007fbb323ab58d505","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2601.02322","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2601.02322","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2601.02322v2","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.02322","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BD7LPOGVX6KM","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GD","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BD7LPOGV","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GDWM5QMLIEKM","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2601.02322","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-01-05T18:13:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"98e430199d4b7d91af8db03495dcc6859511c41a0a471226a00dc0c7047e38fa","abstract_canon_sha256":"b82d62e1aa8b6349ab95b91cd5640a001055bc2d222b384c8b8771e07211f23b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"08feb7b8d5bf94cce8c3b33b062d04531f75325eb007a20007fbb323ab58d505","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50.110305Z","signature_b64":"z3tj4FLHtc7xN9uOhIQa+doLR8CAK9T00B+LWLkC7IfVUOF4IWjHtHS4rCLzO3KnOflcCJaKq5W+p0o0joq6Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"08feb7b8d5bf94cce8c3b33b062d04531f75325eb007a20007fbb323ab58d505","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50.109870Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50.109870Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2601.02322","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eWagPYpM6CtKHFmjLefjMTXN5vztCnc9oPiDQ6TV+n00NtFmOFxOmrUFh5xd/zl13mvTCYjCSCpRxa4pz1lMDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T22:21:56.861156Z"},"content_sha256":"9057600b17213093c877bba39775ff68ce140e4cc54623f9e175b1ded2b4359a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9057600b17213093c877bba39775ff68ce140e4cc54623f9e175b1ded2b4359a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GDWM5QMLIEKM","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Environment-Adaptive Covariate Selection: Learning When to Use Spurious Correlations for Out-of-Distribution Prediction","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"stat.ME","authors_text":"Shuozhi Zuo, Yixin Wang","submitted_at":"2026-01-05T18:13:02Z","abstract_excerpt":"A common approach to out-of-distribution prediction restricts models to causal or invariant covariates to avoid spurious associations that may change across environments. Despite its theoretical appeal, this strategy can underperform empirical risk minimization when only a subset of the causal parents of the outcome is observed. In such settings, non-causal covariates can serve as proxies for unobserved causal parents and improve prediction when the proxy relationship is stable, but they can hurt when shifts disrupt that relationship. Thus, the optimal covariate set can depend on the specific "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2601.02322","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2601.02322/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YTqilleGGa9Fk1KJDtU0aiO7sJnsg792xm7F39EjD1kd6er2w7UCfA8gm55sCp2N1B2HfFdn8r8UclKkYLApAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T22:21:56.861657Z"},"content_sha256":"69d7ee1b6b47a3e9c269a509845337fdf0fa8ca6ae1bf26b4ec969175165d9c7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:69d7ee1b6b47a3e9c269a509845337fdf0fa8ca6ae1bf26b4ec969175165d9c7"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GDWM5QMLIEKM/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GDWM5QMLIEKM/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GDWM5QMLIEKM/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-04T22:21:56Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GDWM5QMLIEKM","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GDWM5QMLIEKM/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GDWM5QMLIEKM/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GDWM5QMLIEKM/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GDWM5QMLIEKM","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b82d62e1aa8b6349ab95b91cd5640a001055bc2d222b384c8b8771e07211f23b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-01-05T18:13:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"98e430199d4b7d91af8db03495dcc6859511c41a0a471226a00dc0c7047e38fa"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2601.02322","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2601.02322","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2601.02322v2","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2601.02322","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BD7LPOGVX6KM","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BD7LPOGVX6KMZ2GD","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BD7LPOGV","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:69d7ee1b6b47a3e9c269a509845337fdf0fa8ca6ae1bf26b4ec969175165d9c7","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2601.02322/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A common approach to out-of-distribution prediction restricts models to causal or invariant covariates to avoid spurious associations that may change across environments. Despite its theoretical appeal, this strategy can underperform empirical risk minimization when only a subset of the causal parents of the outcome is observed. In such settings, non-causal covariates can serve as proxies for unobserved causal parents and improve prediction when the proxy relationship is stable, but they can hurt when shifts disrupt that relationship. Thus, the optimal covariate set can depend on the specific ","authors_text":"Shuozhi Zuo, Yixin Wang","cross_cats":["cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-01-05T18:13:02Z","title":"Environment-Adaptive Covariate Selection: Learning When to Use Spurious Correlations for Out-of-Distribution Prediction"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2601.02322","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9057600b17213093c877bba39775ff68ce140e4cc54623f9e175b1ded2b4359a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b82d62e1aa8b6349ab95b91cd5640a001055bc2d222b384c8b8771e07211f23b","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ME","submitted_at":"2026-01-05T18:13:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"98e430199d4b7d91af8db03495dcc6859511c41a0a471226a00dc0c7047e38fa"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2601.02322","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"08feb7b8d5bf94cce8c3b33b062d04531f75325eb007a20007fbb323ab58d505","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"08feb7b8d5bf94cce8c3b33b062d04531f75325eb007a20007fbb323ab58d505","first_computed_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50.109870Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50.109870Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"z3tj4FLHtc7xN9uOhIQa+doLR8CAK9T00B+LWLkC7IfVUOF4IWjHtHS4rCLzO3KnOflcCJaKq5W+p0o0joq6Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-06-19T16:12:50.110305Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2601.02322","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9057600b17213093c877bba39775ff68ce140e4cc54623f9e175b1ded2b4359a","sha256:69d7ee1b6b47a3e9c269a509845337fdf0fa8ca6ae1bf26b4ec969175165d9c7"],"state_sha256":"15cd7979bccf8e2b20e2be46eddb427805391387d4702aaa678c041142120a6a"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"DS35QsyMuWkV5pAX+6vfOkG1MW2vXGT21WA4xTCbRWJZsRov5PHbSaGeVRiOeI/C4u542jjA7VvtpPAvX0O+Dw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-04T22:21:56.865329Z","bundle_sha256":"bfb9579a0b9f2dafb286992ad7198e019e3edb7bb4a27692fa5068ca4a925537"}}