{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:BEWLATUQTG4QH4NRURBULZU5VB","short_pith_number":"pith:BEWLATUQ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1801.04664","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","submitted_at":"2018-01-15T04:52:09Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"952dbfe0c88e1cb9bc9b5d2a50a504c1b13af7d579280579836f48014715f2f3","abstract_canon_sha256":"82585654e5f38de09c068db57f548688c7f357edfad32a9b129a1713d55e9aca"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"092cb04e9099b903f1b1a44345e69da846dda3424e9a338f27719484d1d7b090","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1801.04664","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1801.04664","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1801.04664v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1801.04664","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BEWLATUQTG4Q","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BEWLATUQTG4QH4NR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BEWLATUQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:BEWLATUQTG4QH4NRURBULZU5VB","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1801.04664","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","submitted_at":"2018-01-15T04:52:09Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"952dbfe0c88e1cb9bc9b5d2a50a504c1b13af7d579280579836f48014715f2f3","abstract_canon_sha256":"82585654e5f38de09c068db57f548688c7f357edfad32a9b129a1713d55e9aca"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"092cb04e9099b903f1b1a44345e69da846dda3424e9a338f27719484d1d7b090","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03.695913Z","signature_b64":"Waqeb5u89FnOYAz/mQ7cxwxIamxP4z6kySHDSvhsD2TiCxTNupEXAqrwNGDXVcrqlHUSsy8W5u2rG9SWBhJ3Ag==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"092cb04e9099b903f1b1a44345e69da846dda3424e9a338f27719484d1d7b090","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03.695252Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03.695252Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1801.04664","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"AHLtBOn78S0gGrl9Cf0eOBuAbsyfP97zItN2kU9yn024N/zFcIddiQMus6pDH7JuP8N/FxRmatlafzsv39V9Aw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T19:50:55.203290Z"},"content_sha256":"f8df61153592b9f3399ea835d41fce2bb53eea950bba3613e7f23d5d7dfe2cb3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f8df61153592b9f3399ea835d41fce2bb53eea950bba3613e7f23d5d7dfe2cb3"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:BEWLATUQTG4QH4NRURBULZU5VB","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The dynamic expansion of positive leaders observed using Mach-Zehnder interferometry in a 1-m air gap","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","authors_text":"1Chijie Zhuang, 1Xuan Zhou, Rong Zeng, She Chen, Yingzhe Cui, Zezhong Wang","submitted_at":"2018-01-15T04:52:09Z","abstract_excerpt":"The leader plays an important role in long-air-gap discharges. In this paper, Mach-Zehnder interferometry and a high-speed video camera were used to observe the dynamic expansion process of positive leaders near the anode in a 1 m air gap. The leader diameters under lightning and switching impulse are obtained through the analysis of interference fringes. The influences of the applied voltage, including the amplitude and the front time, as well as the electrode sizes on leader expansion are obtained and analysed. For a 0.5-cm-diameter cone electrode, when the applied voltage amplitudes are 330"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1801.04664","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"x83rEb94Wj+u3QYJXfoChIgx3NgtS/Dj5j/fDb1m8ChVwUnG7Z1Sb49qQGdaTcgRmdgCYRx30dPdbqmEFN3rAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T19:50:55.203639Z"},"content_sha256":"741f30bae7b48ec6c6d52e3a1a8620989470023ce3360955fbb524bdabfee1fb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:741f30bae7b48ec6c6d52e3a1a8620989470023ce3360955fbb524bdabfee1fb"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BEWLATUQTG4QH4NRURBULZU5VB/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BEWLATUQTG4QH4NRURBULZU5VB/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BEWLATUQTG4QH4NRURBULZU5VB/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T19:50:55Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BEWLATUQTG4QH4NRURBULZU5VB","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BEWLATUQTG4QH4NRURBULZU5VB/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BEWLATUQTG4QH4NRURBULZU5VB/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BEWLATUQTG4QH4NRURBULZU5VB/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:BEWLATUQTG4QH4NRURBULZU5VB","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"82585654e5f38de09c068db57f548688c7f357edfad32a9b129a1713d55e9aca","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","submitted_at":"2018-01-15T04:52:09Z","title_canon_sha256":"952dbfe0c88e1cb9bc9b5d2a50a504c1b13af7d579280579836f48014715f2f3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1801.04664","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1801.04664","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1801.04664v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1801.04664","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BEWLATUQTG4Q","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BEWLATUQTG4QH4NR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BEWLATUQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:741f30bae7b48ec6c6d52e3a1a8620989470023ce3360955fbb524bdabfee1fb","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The leader plays an important role in long-air-gap discharges. In this paper, Mach-Zehnder interferometry and a high-speed video camera were used to observe the dynamic expansion process of positive leaders near the anode in a 1 m air gap. The leader diameters under lightning and switching impulse are obtained through the analysis of interference fringes. The influences of the applied voltage, including the amplitude and the front time, as well as the electrode sizes on leader expansion are obtained and analysed. For a 0.5-cm-diameter cone electrode, when the applied voltage amplitudes are 330","authors_text":"1Chijie Zhuang, 1Xuan Zhou, Rong Zeng, She Chen, Yingzhe Cui, Zezhong Wang","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","submitted_at":"2018-01-15T04:52:09Z","title":"The dynamic expansion of positive leaders observed using Mach-Zehnder interferometry in a 1-m air gap"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1801.04664","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f8df61153592b9f3399ea835d41fce2bb53eea950bba3613e7f23d5d7dfe2cb3","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"82585654e5f38de09c068db57f548688c7f357edfad32a9b129a1713d55e9aca","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.app-ph","submitted_at":"2018-01-15T04:52:09Z","title_canon_sha256":"952dbfe0c88e1cb9bc9b5d2a50a504c1b13af7d579280579836f48014715f2f3"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1801.04664","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"092cb04e9099b903f1b1a44345e69da846dda3424e9a338f27719484d1d7b090","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"092cb04e9099b903f1b1a44345e69da846dda3424e9a338f27719484d1d7b090","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03.695252Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03.695252Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Waqeb5u89FnOYAz/mQ7cxwxIamxP4z6kySHDSvhsD2TiCxTNupEXAqrwNGDXVcrqlHUSsy8W5u2rG9SWBhJ3Ag==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:26:03.695913Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1801.04664","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f8df61153592b9f3399ea835d41fce2bb53eea950bba3613e7f23d5d7dfe2cb3","sha256:741f30bae7b48ec6c6d52e3a1a8620989470023ce3360955fbb524bdabfee1fb"],"state_sha256":"b6ff446a86aba8027574c5c269bea4824a442cd0b1c44307cf823a9dee78b793"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"k8XKmZBqEURO4bz7e0j0mWJ2GcqumYUuIFwb49Gvi76CMAzLyzf4iO67Z7n4Am+MHQef69NAaBIyHW5IqLUSBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T19:50:55.205668Z","bundle_sha256":"33e251866122d27a8d1639913d7972f97ed630e8dc739d3df95f0aca2fa533b4"}}