{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX64AWLU6BXX","short_pith_number":"pith:BKCMCSZS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2112.08499","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2021-12-15T21:44:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"9a56981209baeab39458e3078f25f555f84b9c336d5b753e43c7162fbc986dd2","abstract_canon_sha256":"bd56cd2d07417133076c7b7db3dbaec62893b9b64056382c84d858fb73094f27"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0a84c14b32f3295b8717f70165d3c1bdcbbead969c2eb2f3e06d4d7b62c67026","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2112.08499","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2112.08499","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2112.08499v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2112.08499","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BKCMCSZS6MUV","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BKCMCSZS","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX64AWLU6BXX","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2112.08499","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2021-12-15T21:44:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"9a56981209baeab39458e3078f25f555f84b9c336d5b753e43c7162fbc986dd2","abstract_canon_sha256":"bd56cd2d07417133076c7b7db3dbaec62893b9b64056382c84d858fb73094f27"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0a84c14b32f3295b8717f70165d3c1bdcbbead969c2eb2f3e06d4d7b62c67026","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29.171457Z","signature_b64":"KyNMaP9O1KE817b8VKQu+A3wSbejqHZAYwylOlGD4INx0wVO99IBL45mT/J45A5WhV+DYmKIiSLPRR8Pzj7wDw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0a84c14b32f3295b8717f70165d3c1bdcbbead969c2eb2f3e06d4d7b62c67026","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29.170932Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29.170932Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2112.08499","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"hdzfx+PjAknGV1NaIlHHv0gGzAo7yJOJtYVAXTM/mj+lrm2H0Nm0dkp4TAUTEZ36aT01+8KHoEPHQFElmLNQDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-05T13:10:07.324504Z"},"content_sha256":"184b657e507e30eee6abb81517e4f08be1ec8910ef6496004769968ffbaad4c9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:184b657e507e30eee6abb81517e4f08be1ec8910ef6496004769968ffbaad4c9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX64AWLU6BXX","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"How to simulate quantum measurement without computing marginals","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"quant-ph","authors_text":"David Gosset, Sergey Bravyi, Yinchen Liu","submitted_at":"2021-12-15T21:44:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"We describe and analyze algorithms for classically simulating measurement of an $n$-qubit quantum state $\\psi$ in the standard basis, that is, sampling a bit string $x$ from the probability distribution $|\\langle x|\\psi\\rangle|^2$. Our algorithms reduce the sampling task to computing poly$(n)$ amplitudes of $n$-qubit states; unlike previously known techniques they do not require computation of marginal probabilities. First we consider the case where $|\\psi\\rangle=U|0^n\\rangle$ is the output state of an $m$-gate quantum circuit $U$. We propose an exact sampling algorithm which involves computin"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2112.08499","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2112.08499/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"rc2pofwh/kcUzb9bYVabYV+1pYL4RS128zRjtonRUpG1C/4lpAm3QTtQ0x8OaECebw6Dj7bgSPm26wGu8revCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-05T13:10:07.325102Z"},"content_sha256":"3867879110f8fff4538f94b35979f1607c5ee49840b4eb84c462c4b471f3afeb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3867879110f8fff4538f94b35979f1607c5ee49840b4eb84c462c4b471f3afeb"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX64AWLU6BXX/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX64AWLU6BXX/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX64AWLU6BXX/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-05T13:10:07Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX64AWLU6BXX","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX64AWLU6BXX/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX64AWLU6BXX/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX64AWLU6BXX/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX64AWLU6BXX","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"bd56cd2d07417133076c7b7db3dbaec62893b9b64056382c84d858fb73094f27","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2021-12-15T21:44:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"9a56981209baeab39458e3078f25f555f84b9c336d5b753e43c7162fbc986dd2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2112.08499","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2112.08499","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2112.08499v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2112.08499","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BKCMCSZS6MUV","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BKCMCSZS6MUVXBYX","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BKCMCSZS","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:3867879110f8fff4538f94b35979f1607c5ee49840b4eb84c462c4b471f3afeb","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2112.08499/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We describe and analyze algorithms for classically simulating measurement of an $n$-qubit quantum state $\\psi$ in the standard basis, that is, sampling a bit string $x$ from the probability distribution $|\\langle x|\\psi\\rangle|^2$. Our algorithms reduce the sampling task to computing poly$(n)$ amplitudes of $n$-qubit states; unlike previously known techniques they do not require computation of marginal probabilities. First we consider the case where $|\\psi\\rangle=U|0^n\\rangle$ is the output state of an $m$-gate quantum circuit $U$. We propose an exact sampling algorithm which involves computin","authors_text":"David Gosset, Sergey Bravyi, Yinchen Liu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2021-12-15T21:44:05Z","title":"How to simulate quantum measurement without computing marginals"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2112.08499","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:184b657e507e30eee6abb81517e4f08be1ec8910ef6496004769968ffbaad4c9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"bd56cd2d07417133076c7b7db3dbaec62893b9b64056382c84d858fb73094f27","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2021-12-15T21:44:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"9a56981209baeab39458e3078f25f555f84b9c336d5b753e43c7162fbc986dd2"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2112.08499","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"0a84c14b32f3295b8717f70165d3c1bdcbbead969c2eb2f3e06d4d7b62c67026","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0a84c14b32f3295b8717f70165d3c1bdcbbead969c2eb2f3e06d4d7b62c67026","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29.170932Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29.170932Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"KyNMaP9O1KE817b8VKQu+A3wSbejqHZAYwylOlGD4INx0wVO99IBL45mT/J45A5WhV+DYmKIiSLPRR8Pzj7wDw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:31:29.171457Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2112.08499","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:184b657e507e30eee6abb81517e4f08be1ec8910ef6496004769968ffbaad4c9","sha256:3867879110f8fff4538f94b35979f1607c5ee49840b4eb84c462c4b471f3afeb"],"state_sha256":"abceb681beab2356f2bf032e6b927d5a2a07b235be64a9aa985392102025d722"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"eZwf29goZMO1j8UYndQUjRn6KDp1NwO91PlQiwiyKR72dv6TMyedzoW93iT+5VqhVNcqYXrYn/Su5OSgYt03Bg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-05T13:10:07.328158Z","bundle_sha256":"814fc908052bc1968e811e100c2690ef020f0980e61ea9feffada84bef243c56"}}