{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2012:BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4","short_pith_number":"pith:BKW2X2SH","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"0aadabea472f22eb4cef480b4d6951873ca6513b6bd4078237a700d38bb20f1b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1202.3987","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Beyond the Blacklist: Modeling Malware Spread and the Effect of Interventions","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Benjamin Edwards, George Stelle, Stephanie Forrest, Steven Hofmeyr, Tyler Moore","submitted_at":"2012-02-17T18:39:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"Malware spread among websites and between websites and clients is an increasing problem. Search engines play an important role in directing users to websites and are a natural control point for intervening, using mechanisms such as blacklisting. The paper presents a simple Markov model of malware spread through large populations of websites and studies the effect of two interventions that might be deployed by a search provider: blacklisting infected web pages by removing them from search results entirely and a generalization of blacklisting, called depreferencing, in which a website's ranking "},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1202.3987","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2012-02-17T18:39:12Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.SI"],"title_canon_sha256":"96ac85e99c82611b2971882735ddf5109ca519464e07d38b619a48c1120565b4","abstract_canon_sha256":"1ce246d1efb914181febe4c31c4200a4b07c1f2820cc8960f227da89bccd0613"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:02:02.282142Z","signature_b64":"VZmCnuytOlxrte7YTJOknJQEAd/cAWBczfbsva3LpE4nSmjBINNWFL4PmRfdebWEmV/OdJO/dYAEbVCvw9QfBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0aadabea472f22eb4cef480b4d6951873ca6513b6bd4078237a700d38bb20f1b","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:02:02.281498Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:02:02.281498Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Beyond the Blacklist: Modeling Malware Spread and the Effect of Interventions","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.SI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Benjamin Edwards, George Stelle, Stephanie Forrest, Steven Hofmeyr, Tyler Moore","submitted_at":"2012-02-17T18:39:12Z","abstract_excerpt":"Malware spread among websites and between websites and clients is an increasing problem. Search engines play an important role in directing users to websites and are a natural control point for intervening, using mechanisms such as blacklisting. The paper presents a simple Markov model of malware spread through large populations of websites and studies the effect of two interventions that might be deployed by a search provider: blacklisting infected web pages by removing them from search results entirely and a generalization of blacklisting, called depreferencing, in which a website's ranking "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1202.3987","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1202.3987","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:02:02.281632+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1202.3987v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:02:02.281632+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1202.3987","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:02:02.281632+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BKW2X2SHF4RO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:01.376967+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:01.376967+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BKW2X2SH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:01.376967+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4","json":"https://pith.science/pith/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/BKW2X2SH"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/BKW2X2SH","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1202.3987&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/BKW2X2SHF4ROWTHPJAFU22KRQ4/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T04:02:02.281632+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T04:02:02.281632+00:00"}