{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ2CKQWAIGCX","short_pith_number":"pith:BKWEKLN2","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1605.03111","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T17:21:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"34e85f2b6b30c1a39e0f8fe1143cacc2d310143ac5aa0e2135141d40e2421b90","abstract_canon_sha256":"276fede07f5d07875c604329c6d330744177c0a4d831e13ba5d924b28305a3c5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0aac452dba4dc5db5609d0950b010615cecb3263d235f3401dc4daa5de8c1254","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1605.03111","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1605.03111","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1605.03111v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1605.03111","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BKWEKLN2JXC5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BKWEKLN2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ2CKQWAIGCX","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1605.03111","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T17:21:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"34e85f2b6b30c1a39e0f8fe1143cacc2d310143ac5aa0e2135141d40e2421b90","abstract_canon_sha256":"276fede07f5d07875c604329c6d330744177c0a4d831e13ba5d924b28305a3c5"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0aac452dba4dc5db5609d0950b010615cecb3263d235f3401dc4daa5de8c1254","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25.287736Z","signature_b64":"c+HfV3JTb1gQTcoVLuRA3pvqDhW5qpsrVxr1zxvVSCgYIgXUjvBNAnCo0U9GJzDJg4KkoHsuFg9ZhYA5keRrBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0aac452dba4dc5db5609d0950b010615cecb3263d235f3401dc4daa5de8c1254","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25.287038Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25.287038Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1605.03111","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"r7pitYVsmX5mDuURqKrOJqwLyICwv+dfwFc4TVjIbEK+cz//EBopmXKgysq0XgX1E4U4HB6IhttNpqWCbreLDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T20:16:48.448296Z"},"content_sha256":"9518c9f512fbc034f6a8f9b06adad933d8ca342c9c1cd9716fb3939ee64392a8","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9518c9f512fbc034f6a8f9b06adad933d8ca342c9c1cd9716fb3939ee64392a8"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ2CKQWAIGCX","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Cosmic-ray energy spectrum and composition up to the ankle - the case for a second Galactic component","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","authors_text":"A. Achterberg, A. van Vliet, H. Falcke, J.P. Rachen, J.R. H\\\"orandel, S. Buitink, S. Thoudam","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T17:21:52Z","abstract_excerpt":"We have carried out a detailed study to understand the observed energy spectrum and composition of cosmic rays with energies up to ~10^18 eV. Our study shows that a single Galactic component with subsequent energy cut-offs in the individual spectra of different elements, optimised to explain the observed spectra below ~10^14 eV and the knee in the all-particle spectrum, cannot explain the observed all-particle spectrum above ~2x10^16 eV. We discuss two approaches for a second component of Galactic cosmic rays -- re-acceleration at a Galactic wind termination shock, and supernova explosions of "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1605.03111","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fAbgXbg2xNB4+HUX61HsH8C+r8Pe4bqQhq+xQdZw1K9uYmDOMUEyoHz4W4ZXLrsk8T8vAIH9oCnhvGKc8x1kBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T20:16:48.448977Z"},"content_sha256":"50aaf1efd09123ccb75ae656bc7433a5419e05628dc4edf7a73cc9dd08d1953d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:50aaf1efd09123ccb75ae656bc7433a5419e05628dc4edf7a73cc9dd08d1953d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ2CKQWAIGCX/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ2CKQWAIGCX/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ2CKQWAIGCX/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-25T20:16:48Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ2CKQWAIGCX","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ2CKQWAIGCX/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ2CKQWAIGCX/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ2CKQWAIGCX/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ2CKQWAIGCX","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"276fede07f5d07875c604329c6d330744177c0a4d831e13ba5d924b28305a3c5","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T17:21:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"34e85f2b6b30c1a39e0f8fe1143cacc2d310143ac5aa0e2135141d40e2421b90"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1605.03111","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1605.03111","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1605.03111v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1605.03111","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BKWEKLN2JXC5","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BKWEKLN2JXC5WVQJ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BKWEKLN2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:07Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:50aaf1efd09123ccb75ae656bc7433a5419e05628dc4edf7a73cc9dd08d1953d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We have carried out a detailed study to understand the observed energy spectrum and composition of cosmic rays with energies up to ~10^18 eV. Our study shows that a single Galactic component with subsequent energy cut-offs in the individual spectra of different elements, optimised to explain the observed spectra below ~10^14 eV and the knee in the all-particle spectrum, cannot explain the observed all-particle spectrum above ~2x10^16 eV. We discuss two approaches for a second component of Galactic cosmic rays -- re-acceleration at a Galactic wind termination shock, and supernova explosions of ","authors_text":"A. Achterberg, A. van Vliet, H. Falcke, J.P. Rachen, J.R. H\\\"orandel, S. Buitink, S. Thoudam","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T17:21:52Z","title":"Cosmic-ray energy spectrum and composition up to the ankle - the case for a second Galactic component"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1605.03111","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:9518c9f512fbc034f6a8f9b06adad933d8ca342c9c1cd9716fb3939ee64392a8","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"276fede07f5d07875c604329c6d330744177c0a4d831e13ba5d924b28305a3c5","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","submitted_at":"2016-05-10T17:21:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"34e85f2b6b30c1a39e0f8fe1143cacc2d310143ac5aa0e2135141d40e2421b90"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1605.03111","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"0aac452dba4dc5db5609d0950b010615cecb3263d235f3401dc4daa5de8c1254","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0aac452dba4dc5db5609d0950b010615cecb3263d235f3401dc4daa5de8c1254","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25.287038Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25.287038Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"c+HfV3JTb1gQTcoVLuRA3pvqDhW5qpsrVxr1zxvVSCgYIgXUjvBNAnCo0U9GJzDJg4KkoHsuFg9ZhYA5keRrBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:59:25.287736Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1605.03111","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:9518c9f512fbc034f6a8f9b06adad933d8ca342c9c1cd9716fb3939ee64392a8","sha256:50aaf1efd09123ccb75ae656bc7433a5419e05628dc4edf7a73cc9dd08d1953d"],"state_sha256":"7089e2bf3beb64fa29b0bae9c4e845f46d8b5418c5f756e7632de7817470f8bd"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Yj34jkVCulJ1PhuP4ZaJV8snbTj/B20EbzV1xObwBg+lNWQN2RwyXCWU/Y22QNnGMAMz/pFZpqJOk3YNAugdAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-25T20:16:48.452647Z","bundle_sha256":"8771ac0f1241b72c3d7370eb40a83f57d818f8f954b0c7936e198410bb8b24e8"}}