{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2002:BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVXQPDOZAWGSB","short_pith_number":"pith:BMUWV2UI","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0206176","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2002-06-11T18:58:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"94c5b94b7677e41d0d52cf8bb264eacc89fbe8983b335627ac1a746e4a378d9e","abstract_canon_sha256":"baf79d6a8453d3fbfee5993e3b635094259376c84ee4c01d14c2ae212f81f483"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0b296aea88ce730b8ab783c6ec82c6904c3a8c8b8e506d51dc415cf573c70314","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"astro-ph/0206176","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"astro-ph/0206176","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"astro-ph/0206176v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0206176","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BMUWV2UIZZZQ","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVX","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BMUWV2UI","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2002:BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVXQPDOZAWGSB","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0206176","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2002-06-11T18:58:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"94c5b94b7677e41d0d52cf8bb264eacc89fbe8983b335627ac1a746e4a378d9e","abstract_canon_sha256":"baf79d6a8453d3fbfee5993e3b635094259376c84ee4c01d14c2ae212f81f483"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0b296aea88ce730b8ab783c6ec82c6904c3a8c8b8e506d51dc415cf573c70314","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11.129824Z","signature_b64":"Ggd4s85VvEjgxC4YpM//6IaRa/EDDrlfRjZw0RTrpEKP2nL9iruH67/sE2IERzjjEwjXs0OhSyZjSg7ibqabDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0b296aea88ce730b8ab783c6ec82c6904c3a8c8b8e506d51dc415cf573c70314","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11.129368Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11.129368Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"astro-ph/0206176","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"t7E4iHt72OFItiVmKC/cxFYcbsW0NCOwKo6XA0KcU3rVDxkhNkts8LKPbdySj8xRlVEO4lP92B2F40G9vwwiDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T12:52:24.133103Z"},"content_sha256":"13fc2ddd1d10ce1e1c180de103bc7b948e69d84f5f6fa7810f9f66a98a96bb92","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:13fc2ddd1d10ce1e1c180de103bc7b948e69d84f5f6fa7810f9f66a98a96bb92"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2002:BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVXQPDOZAWGSB","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Detecting dark matter substructure spectroscopically in strong gravitational lenses","license":"","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph","authors_text":"Cambridge), Leonidas A. Moustakas (University of Oxford), R. Benton Metcalf (IoA","submitted_at":"2002-06-11T18:58:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"The Cold Dark Matter (CDM) model for galaxy formation predicts that a significant fraction of mass in the dark matter haloes that surround L L* galaxies is bound in substructures of mass 1E4-1E7Msun. The number of observable baryonic substructures (such as dwarf galaxies and globular clusters) falls short of these predictions by at least an order of magnitude. We present a method for searching for substructure in the haloes of gravitational lenses that produce multiple images of QSOs, such as 4-image Einstein Cross lenses. Current methods based on broadband flux ratios cannot cleanly distingui"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0206176","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/astro-ph/0206176/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Og54VCwIMXM/XpVzK5RgsDL9G+SWHIoshxZJ70ndOPv4+ZRGZ0rek2X3IrxB1zhNzhdF/9e+nJNalLQ0uoUuDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T12:52:24.133615Z"},"content_sha256":"6aa32caa99573cadd97a4c1f70f9638ec9a8b4f91dc2ba7b5d7adc547450ceed","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:6aa32caa99573cadd97a4c1f70f9638ec9a8b4f91dc2ba7b5d7adc547450ceed"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVXQPDOZAWGSB/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVXQPDOZAWGSB/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVXQPDOZAWGSB/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T12:52:24Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVXQPDOZAWGSB","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVXQPDOZAWGSB/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVXQPDOZAWGSB/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVXQPDOZAWGSB/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2002:BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVXQPDOZAWGSB","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"baf79d6a8453d3fbfee5993e3b635094259376c84ee4c01d14c2ae212f81f483","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2002-06-11T18:58:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"94c5b94b7677e41d0d52cf8bb264eacc89fbe8983b335627ac1a746e4a378d9e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"astro-ph/0206176","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"astro-ph/0206176","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"astro-ph/0206176v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/0206176","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BMUWV2UIZZZQ","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BMUWV2UIZZZQXCVX","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BMUWV2UI","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:6aa32caa99573cadd97a4c1f70f9638ec9a8b4f91dc2ba7b5d7adc547450ceed","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/astro-ph/0206176/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The Cold Dark Matter (CDM) model for galaxy formation predicts that a significant fraction of mass in the dark matter haloes that surround L L* galaxies is bound in substructures of mass 1E4-1E7Msun. The number of observable baryonic substructures (such as dwarf galaxies and globular clusters) falls short of these predictions by at least an order of magnitude. We present a method for searching for substructure in the haloes of gravitational lenses that produce multiple images of QSOs, such as 4-image Einstein Cross lenses. Current methods based on broadband flux ratios cannot cleanly distingui","authors_text":"Cambridge), Leonidas A. Moustakas (University of Oxford), R. Benton Metcalf (IoA","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2002-06-11T18:58:03Z","title":"Detecting dark matter substructure spectroscopically in strong gravitational lenses"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"astro-ph/0206176","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:13fc2ddd1d10ce1e1c180de103bc7b948e69d84f5f6fa7810f9f66a98a96bb92","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"baf79d6a8453d3fbfee5993e3b635094259376c84ee4c01d14c2ae212f81f483","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"","primary_cat":"astro-ph","submitted_at":"2002-06-11T18:58:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"94c5b94b7677e41d0d52cf8bb264eacc89fbe8983b335627ac1a746e4a378d9e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"astro-ph/0206176","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"0b296aea88ce730b8ab783c6ec82c6904c3a8c8b8e506d51dc415cf573c70314","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0b296aea88ce730b8ab783c6ec82c6904c3a8c8b8e506d51dc415cf573c70314","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11.129368Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11.129368Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Ggd4s85VvEjgxC4YpM//6IaRa/EDDrlfRjZw0RTrpEKP2nL9iruH67/sE2IERzjjEwjXs0OhSyZjSg7ibqabDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T16:30:11.129824Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"astro-ph/0206176","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:13fc2ddd1d10ce1e1c180de103bc7b948e69d84f5f6fa7810f9f66a98a96bb92","sha256:6aa32caa99573cadd97a4c1f70f9638ec9a8b4f91dc2ba7b5d7adc547450ceed"],"state_sha256":"1eca912be3bcbe479632099432353aaf636ccec3c5149c406735d685112f1c34"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4MfsMomdhBpJ5lwuOQpVzTMMRCmxbA8O4Ki7BkyqKf9ySvS8zYGkeqljuoBuzVJSHxpLTSbCDOcLf+WgOphFDA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T12:52:24.139376Z","bundle_sha256":"4d5d5424d30d443090daad9e0ccd22d320151427c7bf1a50a3f39eac46e4489c"}}