{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAHH4EQFM3M5K","short_pith_number":"pith:BNU2LMAK","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2405.00302","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-05-01T03:52:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"588dbb99af7d331cf37b7ba81c742fd9fc13ea79427cb99e95814a30abf0a798","abstract_canon_sha256":"b5ab61745c8381dadb7d76147c3aff120bb5c686335aa0a8dd21f34210f9de48"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0b69a5b00aad645e60073f0902b36ceabdae5b805bc335e785a2b14a254c5f3c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2405.00302","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2405.00302","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2405.00302v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.00302","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BNU2LMAKVVSF","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAH","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BNU2LMAK","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAHH4EQFM3M5K","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2405.00302","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-05-01T03:52:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"588dbb99af7d331cf37b7ba81c742fd9fc13ea79427cb99e95814a30abf0a798","abstract_canon_sha256":"b5ab61745c8381dadb7d76147c3aff120bb5c686335aa0a8dd21f34210f9de48"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0b69a5b00aad645e60073f0902b36ceabdae5b805bc335e785a2b14a254c5f3c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14.959580Z","signature_b64":"cDycFFYNuV4tU5kSL7kR9xKG6RV2X/my8szVdbf0yQTetETCzFSD+VWU7ShTOkyuRhzKadmJlPmtRqTAaumDDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0b69a5b00aad645e60073f0902b36ceabdae5b805bc335e785a2b14a254c5f3c","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14.959107Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14.959107Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2405.00302","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"DtsN9jDN34WSFSJFtBav/12w39exQbDzVS4B3iK5f4P8AH8Jss2iW1E/vsDsQIqMZVTqZqhNHiT3iuk4lJuuAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T13:39:32.092468Z"},"content_sha256":"f4b2bdea43ba652bb651667cf29faa6e3e4cbbbd6da32cb476c20a235b6d8141","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f4b2bdea43ba652bb651667cf29faa6e3e4cbbbd6da32cb476c20a235b6d8141"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAHH4EQFM3M5K","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Generating Feedback-Ladders for Logical Errors in Programming using Large Language Models","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Andrew Lan, Hasnain Heickal","submitted_at":"2024-05-01T03:52:39Z","abstract_excerpt":"In feedback generation for logical errors in programming assignments, large language model (LLM)-based methods have shown great promise. These methods ask the LLM to generate feedback given the problem statement and a student's (buggy) submission. There are several issues with these types of methods. First, the generated feedback messages are often too direct in revealing the error in the submission and thus diminish valuable opportunities for the student to learn. Second, they do not consider the student's learning context, i.e., their previous submissions, current knowledge, etc. Third, they"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2405.00302","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2405.00302/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"pYNsw1J5yeL8zTKfl5GjvcmXFX1Ptab5FmCxwR+Y72Zmkv24fsMpvEu4N6ZXtIbz9DLQR3jF4IXVjUr5M4FwCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T13:39:32.092965Z"},"content_sha256":"9b8f7d1af37ff3a83dd9165594cc889ca26e88d1a13869fa9542c460a6e1613b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9b8f7d1af37ff3a83dd9165594cc889ca26e88d1a13869fa9542c460a6e1613b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAHH4EQFM3M5K/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAHH4EQFM3M5K/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAHH4EQFM3M5K/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T13:39:32Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAHH4EQFM3M5K","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAHH4EQFM3M5K/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAHH4EQFM3M5K/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAHH4EQFM3M5K/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAHH4EQFM3M5K","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b5ab61745c8381dadb7d76147c3aff120bb5c686335aa0a8dd21f34210f9de48","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-05-01T03:52:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"588dbb99af7d331cf37b7ba81c742fd9fc13ea79427cb99e95814a30abf0a798"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2405.00302","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2405.00302","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2405.00302v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2405.00302","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BNU2LMAKVVSF","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BNU2LMAKVVSF4YAH","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BNU2LMAK","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:9b8f7d1af37ff3a83dd9165594cc889ca26e88d1a13869fa9542c460a6e1613b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2405.00302/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In feedback generation for logical errors in programming assignments, large language model (LLM)-based methods have shown great promise. These methods ask the LLM to generate feedback given the problem statement and a student's (buggy) submission. There are several issues with these types of methods. First, the generated feedback messages are often too direct in revealing the error in the submission and thus diminish valuable opportunities for the student to learn. Second, they do not consider the student's learning context, i.e., their previous submissions, current knowledge, etc. Third, they","authors_text":"Andrew Lan, Hasnain Heickal","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-05-01T03:52:39Z","title":"Generating Feedback-Ladders for Logical Errors in Programming using Large Language Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2405.00302","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:f4b2bdea43ba652bb651667cf29faa6e3e4cbbbd6da32cb476c20a235b6d8141","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b5ab61745c8381dadb7d76147c3aff120bb5c686335aa0a8dd21f34210f9de48","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-05-01T03:52:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"588dbb99af7d331cf37b7ba81c742fd9fc13ea79427cb99e95814a30abf0a798"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2405.00302","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"0b69a5b00aad645e60073f0902b36ceabdae5b805bc335e785a2b14a254c5f3c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0b69a5b00aad645e60073f0902b36ceabdae5b805bc335e785a2b14a254c5f3c","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14.959107Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14.959107Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"cDycFFYNuV4tU5kSL7kR9xKG6RV2X/my8szVdbf0yQTetETCzFSD+VWU7ShTOkyuRhzKadmJlPmtRqTAaumDDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:17:14.959580Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2405.00302","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:f4b2bdea43ba652bb651667cf29faa6e3e4cbbbd6da32cb476c20a235b6d8141","sha256:9b8f7d1af37ff3a83dd9165594cc889ca26e88d1a13869fa9542c460a6e1613b"],"state_sha256":"ca5aec39e37220699a7297c82c863d70b7e8aaae6e27b6e361766d38e8171be8"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"J1YOGcUGPQscFhvagUMnatp+3Q2xQEgZhV82NNWSWCZbyq3jDJIzhUIA+SDbiO109qsXam1hFJwdJvOMa8m6CQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T13:39:32.096770Z","bundle_sha256":"4363a00f42665f367f016aef6ce36e9bb3859d8406c2607f05538d7143be24a9"}}