{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:BOC24BOBXG3CE24WMY33J7ZQ3O","short_pith_number":"pith:BOC24BOB","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.01693","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2019-03-05T06:25:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"98ed33aa35bfbc4ac6b0d4735a66cf10b3303ebd131238745aed95362ce44a5e","abstract_canon_sha256":"d37c963fd06c788eb3ce2abf2a411253ea5565f703f5ce8a06b009460cec386a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0b85ae05c1b9b6226b966637b4ff30dba0a4861269a62bc354bd92b280ee3faa","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1903.01693","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.01693","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.01693v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.01693","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BOC24BOBXG3C","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BOC24BOBXG3CE24W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BOC24BOB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:12Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:BOC24BOBXG3CE24WMY33J7ZQ3O","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1903.01693","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2019-03-05T06:25:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"98ed33aa35bfbc4ac6b0d4735a66cf10b3303ebd131238745aed95362ce44a5e","abstract_canon_sha256":"d37c963fd06c788eb3ce2abf2a411253ea5565f703f5ce8a06b009460cec386a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0b85ae05c1b9b6226b966637b4ff30dba0a4861269a62bc354bd92b280ee3faa","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00.020855Z","signature_b64":"c/unCKEAHcl/Usv4v18BgAiTIJcXFQ5Xxzec34PD6VxULkrZ1BAd98mtDFcxaNEpGCvV4hdaO/qHXl+bbMSQDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0b85ae05c1b9b6226b966637b4ff30dba0a4861269a62bc354bd92b280ee3faa","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00.020348Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00.020348Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1903.01693","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"U841pzEvJ46XgCuofBXp32i7AxHBAffHB657kdycJ/GxyOWWlRUBeCv9d2kekpM4fbXCTDNDuRcUQXdslpRwCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T08:56:32.118704Z"},"content_sha256":"a3c6a705dec8fe1a76c813d2999a2cb8928ed76265d9b61ce10a6ced5cbbd112","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:a3c6a705dec8fe1a76c813d2999a2cb8928ed76265d9b61ce10a6ced5cbbd112"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2019:BOC24BOBXG3CE24WMY33J7ZQ3O","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Less is More: Semi-Supervised Causal Inference for Detecting Pathogenic Users in Social Media","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.SI","authors_text":"Elham Shaabani, Ghazaleh Beigi, Hamidreza Alvari, Paulo Shakarian, Soumajyoti Sarkar","submitted_at":"2019-03-05T06:25:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"Recent years have witnessed a surge of manipulation of public opinion and political events by malicious social media actors. These users are referred to as \"Pathogenic Social Media (PSM)\" accounts. PSMs are key users in spreading misinformation in social media to viral proportions. These accounts can be either controlled by real users or automated bots. Identification of PSMs is thus of utmost importance for social media authorities. The burden usually falls to automatic approaches that can identify these accounts and protect social media reputation. However, lack of sufficient labeled example"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.01693","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8SmFZjNnNKxCNGnNTbESNKGjWyeNfHh8m9Y3qmf+b8WcTSVEiQqO+Pb6GKDJWXz2MJ/puWP+bB32uYl0fNlTBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T08:56:32.119061Z"},"content_sha256":"7d9bcffbe4de7a70ee272aed8c577478781557a4bea0cdeb1a905dd4a187bc9d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:7d9bcffbe4de7a70ee272aed8c577478781557a4bea0cdeb1a905dd4a187bc9d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BOC24BOBXG3CE24WMY33J7ZQ3O/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BOC24BOBXG3CE24WMY33J7ZQ3O/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BOC24BOBXG3CE24WMY33J7ZQ3O/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-30T08:56:32Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BOC24BOBXG3CE24WMY33J7ZQ3O","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BOC24BOBXG3CE24WMY33J7ZQ3O/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BOC24BOBXG3CE24WMY33J7ZQ3O/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BOC24BOBXG3CE24WMY33J7ZQ3O/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2019:BOC24BOBXG3CE24WMY33J7ZQ3O","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d37c963fd06c788eb3ce2abf2a411253ea5565f703f5ce8a06b009460cec386a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2019-03-05T06:25:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"98ed33aa35bfbc4ac6b0d4735a66cf10b3303ebd131238745aed95362ce44a5e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.01693","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1903.01693","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1903.01693v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1903.01693","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BOC24BOBXG3C","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BOC24BOBXG3CE24W","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BOC24BOB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:12Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:7d9bcffbe4de7a70ee272aed8c577478781557a4bea0cdeb1a905dd4a187bc9d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Recent years have witnessed a surge of manipulation of public opinion and political events by malicious social media actors. These users are referred to as \"Pathogenic Social Media (PSM)\" accounts. PSMs are key users in spreading misinformation in social media to viral proportions. These accounts can be either controlled by real users or automated bots. Identification of PSMs is thus of utmost importance for social media authorities. The burden usually falls to automatic approaches that can identify these accounts and protect social media reputation. However, lack of sufficient labeled example","authors_text":"Elham Shaabani, Ghazaleh Beigi, Hamidreza Alvari, Paulo Shakarian, Soumajyoti Sarkar","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2019-03-05T06:25:05Z","title":"Less is More: Semi-Supervised Causal Inference for Detecting Pathogenic Users in Social Media"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.01693","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:a3c6a705dec8fe1a76c813d2999a2cb8928ed76265d9b61ce10a6ced5cbbd112","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d37c963fd06c788eb3ce2abf2a411253ea5565f703f5ce8a06b009460cec386a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SI","submitted_at":"2019-03-05T06:25:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"98ed33aa35bfbc4ac6b0d4735a66cf10b3303ebd131238745aed95362ce44a5e"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1903.01693","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"0b85ae05c1b9b6226b966637b4ff30dba0a4861269a62bc354bd92b280ee3faa","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0b85ae05c1b9b6226b966637b4ff30dba0a4861269a62bc354bd92b280ee3faa","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00.020348Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00.020348Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"c/unCKEAHcl/Usv4v18BgAiTIJcXFQ5Xxzec34PD6VxULkrZ1BAd98mtDFcxaNEpGCvV4hdaO/qHXl+bbMSQDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:52:00.020855Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1903.01693","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:a3c6a705dec8fe1a76c813d2999a2cb8928ed76265d9b61ce10a6ced5cbbd112","sha256:7d9bcffbe4de7a70ee272aed8c577478781557a4bea0cdeb1a905dd4a187bc9d"],"state_sha256":"d4ce275291efa7a0dde4495381a41cee34841b940be5e0ef5db7fb39fe94d76e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ZGTqQH0t7zHEd+VGDTTzAIUIFHx+zWsN/vQrZ3kY9PavHPil+KVoVDtmDVxusALBGaEdbL4jhFQQ7fmaMPDKBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T08:56:32.121434Z","bundle_sha256":"518f485c0b0c4ea79140f25c8b35b793ef1c74b0f06329dbffe9ab6d517f2c2f"}}