{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2009:BTOCX2WRZINW3U3DDI666J56TI","short_pith_number":"pith:BTOCX2WR","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"0903.3667","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2009-03-21T14:16:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.IT","math.IT","math.PR"],"title_canon_sha256":"5af6d82f28946d224d7c4d40286f3c7252d21b7e0d004239c7dad61cef862cfa","abstract_canon_sha256":"31b06a6514f2a381be845c1418dc8e293f0d7bc91cba8c178a4c157b340ca74f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0cdc2bead1ca1b6dd3631a3def27be9a3ef01b8a798e2ba2df029a3bd36115b3","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"0903.3667","version":5},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"0903.3667","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"0903.3667v5","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.0903.3667","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BTOCX2WRZINW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BTOCX2WRZINW3U3D","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BTOCX2WR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2009:BTOCX2WRZINW3U3DDI666J56TI","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"0903.3667","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2009-03-21T14:16:05Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.IT","math.IT","math.PR"],"title_canon_sha256":"5af6d82f28946d224d7c4d40286f3c7252d21b7e0d004239c7dad61cef862cfa","abstract_canon_sha256":"31b06a6514f2a381be845c1418dc8e293f0d7bc91cba8c178a4c157b340ca74f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0cdc2bead1ca1b6dd3631a3def27be9a3ef01b8a798e2ba2df029a3bd36115b3","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19.989144Z","signature_b64":"Az54gn13nlVkKR35aDtsJXVsrylwWNNEQUm4657E2ZL3snaZR9lrNWg332z0M4bIXKXy2+m82H3tlavrVUPODg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0cdc2bead1ca1b6dd3631a3def27be9a3ef01b8a798e2ba2df029a3bd36115b3","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19.988462Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19.988462Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"0903.3667","source_version":5,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IZAKSxv9lzahrZsTEBFnzOfm54G5mHBhKF6vF9r3rs37nG9hxk5zNBj+pEKPItyAFEzHIDuUMKlnuPVBKR2MBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T23:06:11.215475Z"},"content_sha256":"5fc85d97dfa2bcdaea847eb0ccbeab90b98e1c2a0677794924c925ac056da4ac","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:5fc85d97dfa2bcdaea847eb0ccbeab90b98e1c2a0677794924c925ac056da4ac"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2009:BTOCX2WRZINW3U3DDI666J56TI","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"How random are a learner's mistakes?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.IT","math.IT","math.PR"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Joel Ratsaby","submitted_at":"2009-03-21T14:16:05Z","abstract_excerpt":"Given a random binary sequence $X^{(n)}$ of random variables, $X_{t},$ $t=1,2,...,n$, for instance, one that is generated by a Markov source (teacher) of order $k^{*}$ (each state represented by $k^{*}$ bits). Assume that the probability of the event $X_{t}=1$ is constant and denote it by $\\beta$. Consider a learner which is based on a parametric model, for instance a Markov model of order $k$, who trains on a sequence $x^{(m)}$ which is randomly drawn by the teacher. Test the learner's performance by giving it a sequence $x^{(n)}$ (generated by the teacher) and check its predictions on every "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"0903.3667","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"j5iJUvm0dM1X1y6hgB5WThtBJofOHr8Zl9VG+bmR2v+LfBZCmZrGsETH0c1O00E2Frm7sRkkfclbH5R0ViC0Bg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T23:06:11.215829Z"},"content_sha256":"9cf531cb30d57b64f33346dccb9d27ddd5312bc156d1ebc6a7a9e4ae942f1e8d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:9cf531cb30d57b64f33346dccb9d27ddd5312bc156d1ebc6a7a9e4ae942f1e8d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BTOCX2WRZINW3U3DDI666J56TI/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BTOCX2WRZINW3U3DDI666J56TI/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BTOCX2WRZINW3U3DDI666J56TI/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-01T23:06:11Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BTOCX2WRZINW3U3DDI666J56TI","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BTOCX2WRZINW3U3DDI666J56TI/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BTOCX2WRZINW3U3DDI666J56TI/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BTOCX2WRZINW3U3DDI666J56TI/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2009:BTOCX2WRZINW3U3DDI666J56TI","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"31b06a6514f2a381be845c1418dc8e293f0d7bc91cba8c178a4c157b340ca74f","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.IT","math.IT","math.PR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2009-03-21T14:16:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"5af6d82f28946d224d7c4d40286f3c7252d21b7e0d004239c7dad61cef862cfa"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"0903.3667","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"0903.3667","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"0903.3667v5","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.0903.3667","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BTOCX2WRZINW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BTOCX2WRZINW3U3D","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BTOCX2WR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:25:58Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:9cf531cb30d57b64f33346dccb9d27ddd5312bc156d1ebc6a7a9e4ae942f1e8d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Given a random binary sequence $X^{(n)}$ of random variables, $X_{t},$ $t=1,2,...,n$, for instance, one that is generated by a Markov source (teacher) of order $k^{*}$ (each state represented by $k^{*}$ bits). Assume that the probability of the event $X_{t}=1$ is constant and denote it by $\\beta$. Consider a learner which is based on a parametric model, for instance a Markov model of order $k$, who trains on a sequence $x^{(m)}$ which is randomly drawn by the teacher. Test the learner's performance by giving it a sequence $x^{(n)}$ (generated by the teacher) and check its predictions on every ","authors_text":"Joel Ratsaby","cross_cats":["cs.IT","math.IT","math.PR"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2009-03-21T14:16:05Z","title":"How random are a learner's mistakes?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"0903.3667","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:5fc85d97dfa2bcdaea847eb0ccbeab90b98e1c2a0677794924c925ac056da4ac","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"31b06a6514f2a381be845c1418dc8e293f0d7bc91cba8c178a4c157b340ca74f","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.IT","math.IT","math.PR"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2009-03-21T14:16:05Z","title_canon_sha256":"5af6d82f28946d224d7c4d40286f3c7252d21b7e0d004239c7dad61cef862cfa"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"0903.3667","kind":"arxiv","version":5}},"canonical_sha256":"0cdc2bead1ca1b6dd3631a3def27be9a3ef01b8a798e2ba2df029a3bd36115b3","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0cdc2bead1ca1b6dd3631a3def27be9a3ef01b8a798e2ba2df029a3bd36115b3","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19.988462Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19.988462Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Az54gn13nlVkKR35aDtsJXVsrylwWNNEQUm4657E2ZL3snaZR9lrNWg332z0M4bIXKXy2+m82H3tlavrVUPODg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:32:19.989144Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"0903.3667","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":5}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:5fc85d97dfa2bcdaea847eb0ccbeab90b98e1c2a0677794924c925ac056da4ac","sha256:9cf531cb30d57b64f33346dccb9d27ddd5312bc156d1ebc6a7a9e4ae942f1e8d"],"state_sha256":"cfed2f8011cdfaab14af7bbfac5eae113cd23ec7aa021afa56124c79ce40b057"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UlT7Rfx714E+PAhpnb4+vj8uV7GikhwchF/q4fLHbKFgTw/donYIRPgWRXfNCeyidLRbJsFR/ajKdGOaWEj9Bg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T23:06:11.217913Z","bundle_sha256":"20756dc39a9145d75f49ee97fa3a4bcc0b939c2eff39ca0fcf61b03447df299a"}}