{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2019:BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX","short_pith_number":"pith:BXPBLHYV","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"0dde159f155939c7d6368c2eb1dfe585f43453e4a8bde14a9b3044d03b8daee7","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1907.13311","version":3},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"A universal threshold for primordial black hole formation","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"primary_cat":"gr-qc","authors_text":"Albert Escriv\\`a, Cristiano Germani, Ravi K. Sheth","submitted_at":"2019-07-31T05:21:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this letter, we argue and show numerically that the threshold to form primordial black holes from an initial spherically symmetric perturbation is, to an excellent approximation, universal, whenever given in terms of the compaction function averaged over a sphere of radius $r_m$, where $r_m$ is the scale on which the compaction function is maximum. This can be understood as the requirement that, for a black hole to form, each shell of the averaged compaction function should have an amplitude exceeding the so-called Harada-Yoo-Kohri limit. For a radiation dominated universe we argued, suppor"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1907.13311","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2019-07-31T05:21:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"title_canon_sha256":"07ad2d91c9bb06f913ae2a8f0a0bdac98269ba92816b727c15d02c2bf9098f5e","abstract_canon_sha256":"7e0f94e62d90c0f555aab92ddd64044e6b974c98088ba4cfef9667b7b7e5fb40"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:33.795029Z","signature_b64":"2IaFyMf65mQS9eVW9QAe4k+s1lhroIjnwPDk7CVYVoD2tmwQIzezu+b77zyE88kLtZJUmgDLEsVtzyVbvKRrCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0dde159f155939c7d6368c2eb1dfe585f43453e4a8bde14a9b3044d03b8daee7","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:33.794588Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:33.794588Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A universal threshold for primordial black hole formation","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO","hep-th"],"primary_cat":"gr-qc","authors_text":"Albert Escriv\\`a, Cristiano Germani, Ravi K. Sheth","submitted_at":"2019-07-31T05:21:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this letter, we argue and show numerically that the threshold to form primordial black holes from an initial spherically symmetric perturbation is, to an excellent approximation, universal, whenever given in terms of the compaction function averaged over a sphere of radius $r_m$, where $r_m$ is the scale on which the compaction function is maximum. This can be understood as the requirement that, for a black hole to form, each shell of the averaged compaction function should have an amplitude exceeding the so-called Harada-Yoo-Kohri limit. For a radiation dominated universe we argued, suppor"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1907.13311","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1907.13311/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1907.13311","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:33.794669+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1907.13311v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:33.794669+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1907.13311","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:33.794669+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BXPBLHYVLE44","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:33.794669+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BXPBLHYVLE44PVRW","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:33.794669+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BXPBLHYV","created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:33.794669+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":21,"internal_anchor_count":1,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2607.08738","citing_title":"The statistics of curvature-profile dispersion in primordial black hole formation","ref_index":37,"is_internal_anchor":true},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.23846","citing_title":"Primordial Black Holes: A Review of Formation and Evolution","ref_index":27,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.19513","citing_title":"Reheating as a variational probe of cosmological observables","ref_index":32,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.12775","citing_title":"Are Primordial Black Holes a Natural Dark Matter Candidate?","ref_index":122,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.09482","citing_title":"Primordial Black Holes from Slow Phase Transitions with Delayed Reheating: A Peak-Theory Approach","ref_index":50,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.31937","citing_title":"PBHs and GWs from Scaling Monopoles","ref_index":54,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.30087","citing_title":"Compaction function in stochastic inflation: a \\texttt{FOREST} of type I and II primordial black holes","ref_index":58,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2605.30340","citing_title":"Carr criterion and mass gaps in non-singular primordial black hole formation","ref_index":47,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2506.15496","citing_title":"Thermodynamical uncertainties for primordial black holes from cosmological phase transitions","ref_index":128,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2502.20166","citing_title":"Numerical simulations of density perturbation and gravitational wave production from cosmological first-order phase transition","ref_index":79,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2503.01962","citing_title":"Curvature Perturbations from First-Order Phase Transitions: Implications to Black Holes and Gravitational Waves","ref_index":69,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2505.08011","citing_title":"Primordial black holes and magnetic fields in conformal neutrino mass models","ref_index":46,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2505.16820","citing_title":"Isotropy, anisotropies and non-Gaussianity in the scalar-induced gravitational-wave background: diagrammatic approach for primordial non-Gaussianity up to arbitrary order","ref_index":251,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2605.21474","citing_title":"Gravitational Waves from Black Hole Reheating: The Scalar-Induced Component","ref_index":263,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2109.01398","citing_title":"Scalar induced gravitational waves review","ref_index":214,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2006.02838","citing_title":"Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter: Recent Developments","ref_index":68,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2002.12778","citing_title":"Constraints on Primordial Black Holes","ref_index":41,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2605.14044","citing_title":"The Magnetic Origin of Primordial Black Holes: Ultralight PBHs and Secondary GWs","ref_index":136,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2605.13042","citing_title":"The Gravitational Spectral Radio Forest: A Signature of Primordial Black Holes","ref_index":30,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2604.27496","citing_title":"Primordial black hole dark matter from axion inflation","ref_index":75,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2604.22634","citing_title":"Constraints on the Primordial Black Hole Abundance using Pulsar Parameter Drifts","ref_index":71,"is_internal_anchor":false}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX","json":"https://pith.science/pith/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/BXPBLHYV"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/BXPBLHYV","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1907.13311&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/BXPBLHYVLE44PVRWRQXLDX7FQX/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:33.794669+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T00:41:33.794669+00:00"}