{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6JDYCSQJF5NX","short_pith_number":"pith:BYBCIMTN","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.08974","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","submitted_at":"2016-09-27T18:22:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d3aeb0e3819feb03efceded4df63916f50c3d3cdc5ccda6a9972f82dc1236ee0","abstract_canon_sha256":"c8bcdb0486f0edd673ccb796b9644bfaeb616a2f5a809ff2e05181815be0e91f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0e0224326d8942f3bbc91e052824bd6debb5dab6af0fb48a670c30d47f271c30","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1609.08974","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.08974","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.08974v4","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.08974","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BYBCIMTNRFBP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6J","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BYBCIMTN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6JDYCSQJF5NX","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.08974","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","submitted_at":"2016-09-27T18:22:39Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"d3aeb0e3819feb03efceded4df63916f50c3d3cdc5ccda6a9972f82dc1236ee0","abstract_canon_sha256":"c8bcdb0486f0edd673ccb796b9644bfaeb616a2f5a809ff2e05181815be0e91f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0e0224326d8942f3bbc91e052824bd6debb5dab6af0fb48a670c30d47f271c30","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30.861147Z","signature_b64":"mtl02KguWl2jlgQ1XO02lKK1GbZVYD5CxyiylxStwnuwTIy1vz4GfqEMoAIJSsu4Lqsv1i46CpeLrbOQFMUZCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0e0224326d8942f3bbc91e052824bd6debb5dab6af0fb48a670c30d47f271c30","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30.860734Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30.860734Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1609.08974","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"SpVwn7CXW4LkFZ4Zjaj2yMokjefbUMLl5iysThWqYSuGsF4FxJKVXq+QK+jiLFhxPczidA6lNQ8L6sq1FRgRBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T05:56:51.989734Z"},"content_sha256":"0bc0b41709504b35e5cd9924240ee215a1ca91b7a5948f38087b73d475932861","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0bc0b41709504b35e5cd9924240ee215a1ca91b7a5948f38087b73d475932861"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6JDYCSQJF5NX","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Heat Engines running upon a Non-Ideal Fluid Model with Higher Efficiencies than upon the Ideal Gas Model","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","authors_text":"Abhimanyu S Madakavil, Ilki Kim","submitted_at":"2016-09-27T18:22:39Z","abstract_excerpt":"We consider both Otto and Diesel heat engine cycles running upon the working substances modeled by the van der Waals fluid as a simple non-ideal gas model. We extensively perform the efficiency study in these model engines. Then we find that this \"real\" engine model can go beyond its ideal-gas counterpart in efficiency, whereas as well-known, the maximum Carnot efficiency is the same for both ideal and non-ideal gas engines. In fact, the higher the density of non-ideality is, the higher efficiency tends to be found, especially in the low-temperature regime, but with more shrinkage in the range"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.08974","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"XwGSuiGrMwejKoh7ABRaIeEgtlkP8lb/B49upRzA5PxUT2hSEWdlqlUO6OczpuFtdXJ5UZNne0p/ON/r8aZ1Bg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T05:56:51.990088Z"},"content_sha256":"aff4bad49dd56bdd63159109b7b0c19788fb89934432e7a07945a80b6bc6a73d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:aff4bad49dd56bdd63159109b7b0c19788fb89934432e7a07945a80b6bc6a73d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6JDYCSQJF5NX/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6JDYCSQJF5NX/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6JDYCSQJF5NX/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T05:56:51Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6JDYCSQJF5NX","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6JDYCSQJF5NX/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6JDYCSQJF5NX/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6JDYCSQJF5NX/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6JDYCSQJF5NX","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c8bcdb0486f0edd673ccb796b9644bfaeb616a2f5a809ff2e05181815be0e91f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","submitted_at":"2016-09-27T18:22:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"d3aeb0e3819feb03efceded4df63916f50c3d3cdc5ccda6a9972f82dc1236ee0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.08974","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.08974","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.08974v4","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.08974","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BYBCIMTNRFBP","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BYBCIMTNRFBPHO6J","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BYBCIMTN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:aff4bad49dd56bdd63159109b7b0c19788fb89934432e7a07945a80b6bc6a73d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We consider both Otto and Diesel heat engine cycles running upon the working substances modeled by the van der Waals fluid as a simple non-ideal gas model. We extensively perform the efficiency study in these model engines. Then we find that this \"real\" engine model can go beyond its ideal-gas counterpart in efficiency, whereas as well-known, the maximum Carnot efficiency is the same for both ideal and non-ideal gas engines. In fact, the higher the density of non-ideality is, the higher efficiency tends to be found, especially in the low-temperature regime, but with more shrinkage in the range","authors_text":"Abhimanyu S Madakavil, Ilki Kim","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","submitted_at":"2016-09-27T18:22:39Z","title":"Heat Engines running upon a Non-Ideal Fluid Model with Higher Efficiencies than upon the Ideal Gas Model"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.08974","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:0bc0b41709504b35e5cd9924240ee215a1ca91b7a5948f38087b73d475932861","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c8bcdb0486f0edd673ccb796b9644bfaeb616a2f5a809ff2e05181815be0e91f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.stat-mech","submitted_at":"2016-09-27T18:22:39Z","title_canon_sha256":"d3aeb0e3819feb03efceded4df63916f50c3d3cdc5ccda6a9972f82dc1236ee0"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.08974","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"0e0224326d8942f3bbc91e052824bd6debb5dab6af0fb48a670c30d47f271c30","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0e0224326d8942f3bbc91e052824bd6debb5dab6af0fb48a670c30d47f271c30","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30.860734Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30.860734Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"mtl02KguWl2jlgQ1XO02lKK1GbZVYD5CxyiylxStwnuwTIy1vz4GfqEMoAIJSsu4Lqsv1i46CpeLrbOQFMUZCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:52:30.861147Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1609.08974","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:0bc0b41709504b35e5cd9924240ee215a1ca91b7a5948f38087b73d475932861","sha256:aff4bad49dd56bdd63159109b7b0c19788fb89934432e7a07945a80b6bc6a73d"],"state_sha256":"17334ecf5dba447d72c1b02b15e7ecc84860c483216f0567c6351802ae8a6736"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Zb7v0fcUng6Qg8RJ7k7Bl5XtvQJopGQ0a4RqvMP/lROwWfGZoLlGEu4hirgPxhOmKgM+Lw6tAkRat3M6FkzLAA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T05:56:51.992173Z","bundle_sha256":"694b1195b937a95a547f33acda68e0f4516c4fbe93437ca5d9d8aa278273472b"}}