{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLPZD5VHYW5WB","short_pith_number":"pith:BYVQOBQ4","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2109.05371","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-09-11T21:07:21Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AR"],"title_canon_sha256":"5eb8c8f24b209862f96423cb5ea78c0276f98b83b62d27281c3a25c6d0e8d4a6","abstract_canon_sha256":"9e208b1e933680e3b2b8c9f22b14adc8c4f1d3e74c6bc3753c5fa77a15476d04"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0e2b07061ce60c02156fc8fb53e2ddb05d520e81790da90b12132b1a3fe5c0b4","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2109.05371","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2109.05371","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2109.05371v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2109.05371","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BYVQOBQ44YGA","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLP","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BYVQOBQ4","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLPZD5VHYW5WB","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2109.05371","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-09-11T21:07:21Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AR"],"title_canon_sha256":"5eb8c8f24b209862f96423cb5ea78c0276f98b83b62d27281c3a25c6d0e8d4a6","abstract_canon_sha256":"9e208b1e933680e3b2b8c9f22b14adc8c4f1d3e74c6bc3753c5fa77a15476d04"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"0e2b07061ce60c02156fc8fb53e2ddb05d520e81790da90b12132b1a3fe5c0b4","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16.275052Z","signature_b64":"59gbaFnBX8z6i0GM4eAapvi3O/KOqZncUDJ+x495KV88KCuuBK6mfkm/n61cq7hVUoKDR/JOmbBQ+sjEuNk7Bw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"0e2b07061ce60c02156fc8fb53e2ddb05d520e81790da90b12132b1a3fe5c0b4","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16.274654Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16.274654Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2109.05371","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"L8jD28QoIMZtViXIpsZ9hKpmmIyidEXXsTNl6lmGeg/vSfLZhh47+1qseVz28k6zZkZxtFmLaaMFHEZ0awG1AQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-13T07:49:50.498446Z"},"content_sha256":"d82e86ad2780ea885aaa76b3d1660a27e970bbc347d6b154cfd36660e79b8ff6","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d82e86ad2780ea885aaa76b3d1660a27e970bbc347d6b154cfd36660e79b8ff6"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLPZD5VHYW5WB","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"F1: A Fast and Programmable Accelerator for Fully Homomorphic Encryption (Extended Version)","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AR"],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Aleksandar Krastev, Axel Feldmann, Chris Peikert, Daniel Sanchez, Karim ElDefrawy, Nicholas Genise, Nikola Samardzic, Ron Dreslinski, Srini Devadas","submitted_at":"2021-09-11T21:07:21Z","abstract_excerpt":"Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows computing on encrypted data, enabling secure offloading of computation to untrusted serves. Though it provides ideal security, FHE is expensive when executed in software, 4 to 5 orders of magnitude slower than computing on unencrypted data. These overheads are a major barrier to FHE's widespread adoption. We present F1, the first FHE accelerator that is programmable, i.e., capable of executing full FHE programs. F1 builds on an in-depth architectural analysis of the characteristics of FHE computations that reveals acceleration opportunities. F1 is a wi"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2109.05371","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2109.05371/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ADdYtwpQfV8ZTezUQqS3re5GQhK3WOUMd7Gr13TSVSgquVIvWonmk3y+ZulPMQBXFd9A6byDFVbCGwC5PC42Ag==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-13T07:49:50.498829Z"},"content_sha256":"588f41f9c31acd1a10fe45e02fc5cc2118a5d9d2d253ea7f4bed7daacaadddd9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:588f41f9c31acd1a10fe45e02fc5cc2118a5d9d2d253ea7f4bed7daacaadddd9"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLPZD5VHYW5WB/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLPZD5VHYW5WB/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLPZD5VHYW5WB/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-13T07:49:50Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLPZD5VHYW5WB","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLPZD5VHYW5WB/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLPZD5VHYW5WB/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLPZD5VHYW5WB/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLPZD5VHYW5WB","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9e208b1e933680e3b2b8c9f22b14adc8c4f1d3e74c6bc3753c5fa77a15476d04","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AR"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-09-11T21:07:21Z","title_canon_sha256":"5eb8c8f24b209862f96423cb5ea78c0276f98b83b62d27281c3a25c6d0e8d4a6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2109.05371","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2109.05371","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2109.05371v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2109.05371","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"BYVQOBQ44YGA","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"BYVQOBQ44YGAEFLP","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"BYVQOBQ4","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:588f41f9c31acd1a10fe45e02fc5cc2118a5d9d2d253ea7f4bed7daacaadddd9","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2109.05371/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) allows computing on encrypted data, enabling secure offloading of computation to untrusted serves. Though it provides ideal security, FHE is expensive when executed in software, 4 to 5 orders of magnitude slower than computing on unencrypted data. These overheads are a major barrier to FHE's widespread adoption. We present F1, the first FHE accelerator that is programmable, i.e., capable of executing full FHE programs. F1 builds on an in-depth architectural analysis of the characteristics of FHE computations that reveals acceleration opportunities. F1 is a wi","authors_text":"Aleksandar Krastev, Axel Feldmann, Chris Peikert, Daniel Sanchez, Karim ElDefrawy, Nicholas Genise, Nikola Samardzic, Ron Dreslinski, Srini Devadas","cross_cats":["cs.AR"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-09-11T21:07:21Z","title":"F1: A Fast and Programmable Accelerator for Fully Homomorphic Encryption (Extended Version)"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2109.05371","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:d82e86ad2780ea885aaa76b3d1660a27e970bbc347d6b154cfd36660e79b8ff6","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9e208b1e933680e3b2b8c9f22b14adc8c4f1d3e74c6bc3753c5fa77a15476d04","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AR"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2021-09-11T21:07:21Z","title_canon_sha256":"5eb8c8f24b209862f96423cb5ea78c0276f98b83b62d27281c3a25c6d0e8d4a6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2109.05371","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"0e2b07061ce60c02156fc8fb53e2ddb05d520e81790da90b12132b1a3fe5c0b4","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"0e2b07061ce60c02156fc8fb53e2ddb05d520e81790da90b12132b1a3fe5c0b4","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16.274654Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16.274654Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"59gbaFnBX8z6i0GM4eAapvi3O/KOqZncUDJ+x495KV88KCuuBK6mfkm/n61cq7hVUoKDR/JOmbBQ+sjEuNk7Bw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:17:16.275052Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2109.05371","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:d82e86ad2780ea885aaa76b3d1660a27e970bbc347d6b154cfd36660e79b8ff6","sha256:588f41f9c31acd1a10fe45e02fc5cc2118a5d9d2d253ea7f4bed7daacaadddd9"],"state_sha256":"29ed54353d929b5daeba7cdf50a763230fc04edb7819f6757e0adf3194fa4f7d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6AG7B5QPhHyDao459EmW/LFrHPmt9/+jA1mGXWF7ATC6hP9c+YyNsFX/2VEtbCgxLwTwKMhcnEWjfUdrJSx6Cg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-13T07:49:50.501523Z","bundle_sha256":"ec6f05136e1b86354d7545d9d381385a6561a9175083af7f08b77e0f9595e7b8"}}