{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOVHXHB2T3ASI","short_pith_number":"pith:C3YZX5IB","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2112.08874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2021-12-16T13:35:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"07cfa19373edba37ffa91a1f273247ea449e0567047cc9b55b08f6723bc274e6","abstract_canon_sha256":"81edbef288e310463fcf61a1cc2e33c7fe960e5bfdb9a38ee11161c15741e8f4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"16f19bf501e5d759ddd53dce1d4f60923c80d991da049b03dbcb9738c12b54ad","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2112.08874","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2112.08874","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2112.08874v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2112.08874","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"C3YZX5IB4XLV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"C3YZX5IB","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOVHXHB2T3ASI","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2112.08874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2021-12-16T13:35:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"07cfa19373edba37ffa91a1f273247ea449e0567047cc9b55b08f6723bc274e6","abstract_canon_sha256":"81edbef288e310463fcf61a1cc2e33c7fe960e5bfdb9a38ee11161c15741e8f4"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"16f19bf501e5d759ddd53dce1d4f60923c80d991da049b03dbcb9738c12b54ad","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56.937650Z","signature_b64":"oPXFYn7/KmDdQwgFjkQn+LNCTDsab/poieVxqcpvK8gieESe71tIlSJ3//Y9fCQftVsaw8Dj5mR3WRjXXxBCBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"16f19bf501e5d759ddd53dce1d4f60923c80d991da049b03dbcb9738c12b54ad","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56.937148Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56.937148Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2112.08874","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6jHg/JNMoxxH14O+Vr8LPmBrbprCRUwXge4H4WX7p0Nn9KLUrfef9QGQszvDmIlLabJ0OJAFszOK05QGxqN5CA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T01:04:53.611754Z"},"content_sha256":"b54a5658d164643513b93dab683ff21e4e69f686666cdcc2c486b56fc1c05974","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b54a5658d164643513b93dab683ff21e4e69f686666cdcc2c486b56fc1c05974"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2021:C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOVHXHB2T3ASI","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Computing the Shapley Value of Facts in Query Answering","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.DB","authors_text":"Benny Kimelfeld, Daniel Deutch, Mika\\\"el Monet, Nave Frost","submitted_at":"2021-12-16T13:35:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"The Shapley value is a game-theoretic notion for wealth distribution that is nowadays extensively used to explain complex data-intensive computation, for instance, in network analysis or machine learning. Recent theoretical works show that query evaluation over relational databases fits well in this explanation paradigm. Yet, these works fall short of providing practical solutions to the computational challenge inherent to the Shapley computation. We present in this paper two practically effective solutions for computing Shapley values in query answering. We start by establishing a tight theor"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2112.08874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2112.08874/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+z8MN13WmGYx3LI+e+LQjEN6ennUOZ679BhYU96PZP3vV8e/T32gb3KeLfKCmR3hJOSutxqSgfOAbWnqzFjJCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T01:04:53.612113Z"},"content_sha256":"c04671e13b91f0cdf5f907a3f7426184955b43188917e4fad2ad6a5558c3742a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c04671e13b91f0cdf5f907a3f7426184955b43188917e4fad2ad6a5558c3742a"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOVHXHB2T3ASI/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOVHXHB2T3ASI/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOVHXHB2T3ASI/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-06T01:04:53Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOVHXHB2T3ASI","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOVHXHB2T3ASI/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOVHXHB2T3ASI/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOVHXHB2T3ASI/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2021:C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOVHXHB2T3ASI","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"81edbef288e310463fcf61a1cc2e33c7fe960e5bfdb9a38ee11161c15741e8f4","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2021-12-16T13:35:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"07cfa19373edba37ffa91a1f273247ea449e0567047cc9b55b08f6723bc274e6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2112.08874","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2112.08874","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2112.08874v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2112.08874","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"C3YZX5IB4XLV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"C3YZX5IB4XLVTXOV","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"C3YZX5IB","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c04671e13b91f0cdf5f907a3f7426184955b43188917e4fad2ad6a5558c3742a","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2112.08874/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The Shapley value is a game-theoretic notion for wealth distribution that is nowadays extensively used to explain complex data-intensive computation, for instance, in network analysis or machine learning. Recent theoretical works show that query evaluation over relational databases fits well in this explanation paradigm. Yet, these works fall short of providing practical solutions to the computational challenge inherent to the Shapley computation. We present in this paper two practically effective solutions for computing Shapley values in query answering. We start by establishing a tight theor","authors_text":"Benny Kimelfeld, Daniel Deutch, Mika\\\"el Monet, Nave Frost","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2021-12-16T13:35:50Z","title":"Computing the Shapley Value of Facts in Query Answering"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2112.08874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b54a5658d164643513b93dab683ff21e4e69f686666cdcc2c486b56fc1c05974","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"81edbef288e310463fcf61a1cc2e33c7fe960e5bfdb9a38ee11161c15741e8f4","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.DB","submitted_at":"2021-12-16T13:35:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"07cfa19373edba37ffa91a1f273247ea449e0567047cc9b55b08f6723bc274e6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2112.08874","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"16f19bf501e5d759ddd53dce1d4f60923c80d991da049b03dbcb9738c12b54ad","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"16f19bf501e5d759ddd53dce1d4f60923c80d991da049b03dbcb9738c12b54ad","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56.937148Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56.937148Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"oPXFYn7/KmDdQwgFjkQn+LNCTDsab/poieVxqcpvK8gieESe71tIlSJ3//Y9fCQftVsaw8Dj5mR3WRjXXxBCBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T03:44:56.937650Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2112.08874","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b54a5658d164643513b93dab683ff21e4e69f686666cdcc2c486b56fc1c05974","sha256:c04671e13b91f0cdf5f907a3f7426184955b43188917e4fad2ad6a5558c3742a"],"state_sha256":"a016191b864faa2c20b5b3d31e1650aa24aa9429a1c1f8e957559e9a0c73aacc"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TS95c2CMPo5s6svCJ2MdrvCfbNppDx6J07Au3FXW7ra1oxiRhyqcxDuDN3kM+xQXuLeL/OFampWwb+JSIwUvDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-06T01:04:53.615291Z","bundle_sha256":"7a19dc7b53816a45944961ddd382321fa785c209e658d6a5a7272cea5a828388"}}