{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:C4O436YUIVGRKXK2PXOUTLPW4C","short_pith_number":"pith:C4O436YU","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1410.4445","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2014-10-16T14:25:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"title_canon_sha256":"5d61a0ffe04f0677d1f2e0b4af99f69caf4a7296bf588e1db521e0fc6b54b700","abstract_canon_sha256":"b154dbe3113d0e39f0139d991ded41f15af01be6256e0aecd9fa616c605d7de0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"171dcdfb14454d155d5a7ddd49adf6e0986a6229f4e0be5c50e106ac0d5d778d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1410.4445","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1410.4445","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1410.4445v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1410.4445","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"C4O436YUIVGR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"C4O436YUIVGRKXK2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"C4O436YU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:C4O436YUIVGRKXK2PXOUTLPW4C","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1410.4445","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2014-10-16T14:25:01Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"title_canon_sha256":"5d61a0ffe04f0677d1f2e0b4af99f69caf4a7296bf588e1db521e0fc6b54b700","abstract_canon_sha256":"b154dbe3113d0e39f0139d991ded41f15af01be6256e0aecd9fa616c605d7de0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"171dcdfb14454d155d5a7ddd49adf6e0986a6229f4e0be5c50e106ac0d5d778d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08.164860Z","signature_b64":"bF3gayv2Y3mZGjtQ6cMg2bD7mN0AX4Xbe2EMFTAV/s4yUK4dPpM8/4ivhO0YzojEBFk0KEvFjfccFe1dy6KQDg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"171dcdfb14454d155d5a7ddd49adf6e0986a6229f4e0be5c50e106ac0d5d778d","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08.164198Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08.164198Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1410.4445","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"7P6nTKGislYiBMcZk5Z+S/M3D6MCA+/EbJvvdUZ+cAXhB0yE6Rm2psSbjf2QBJ10XqN71+8Udnx5axGN1g7MDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T23:13:44.910067Z"},"content_sha256":"98a4d5150eb2974cd0ec43dd94e5830d773108dd1cafff770c5380d683886b03","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:98a4d5150eb2974cd0ec43dd94e5830d773108dd1cafff770c5380d683886b03"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2014:C4O436YUIVGRKXK2PXOUTLPW4C","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Patterns in the English Language: Phonological Networks, Percolation and Assembly Models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Markus Brede, Massimo Stella","submitted_at":"2014-10-16T14:25:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this paper we provide a quantitative framework for the study of phonological networks (PNs) for the English language by carrying out principled comparisons to null models, either based on site percolation, randomization techniques, or network growth models. In contrast to previous work, we mainly focus on null models that reproduce lower order characteristics of the empirical data. We find that artificial networks matching connectivity properties of the English PN are exceedingly rare: this leads to the hypothesis that the word repertoire might have been assembled over time by preferentiall"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1410.4445","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bZNfDYLonFAsbo/xsqkyY4m6BgGRaFHwjPtOzuvUAGmT5BTuCg1jEQN0VSi7DvkO6qnZz5kZvYFq0XANbuQbDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T23:13:44.910735Z"},"content_sha256":"0f5bd8c38e5035439dbac1f444d13a92c5b74f65dd6f7a5421bae6f244c433a3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0f5bd8c38e5035439dbac1f444d13a92c5b74f65dd6f7a5421bae6f244c433a3"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/C4O436YUIVGRKXK2PXOUTLPW4C/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/C4O436YUIVGRKXK2PXOUTLPW4C/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/C4O436YUIVGRKXK2PXOUTLPW4C/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-26T23:13:44Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/C4O436YUIVGRKXK2PXOUTLPW4C","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/C4O436YUIVGRKXK2PXOUTLPW4C/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/C4O436YUIVGRKXK2PXOUTLPW4C/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/C4O436YUIVGRKXK2PXOUTLPW4C/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2014:C4O436YUIVGRKXK2PXOUTLPW4C","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b154dbe3113d0e39f0139d991ded41f15af01be6256e0aecd9fa616c605d7de0","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2014-10-16T14:25:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"5d61a0ffe04f0677d1f2e0b4af99f69caf4a7296bf588e1db521e0fc6b54b700"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1410.4445","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1410.4445","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1410.4445v3","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1410.4445","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"C4O436YUIVGR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"C4O436YUIVGRKXK2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"C4O436YU","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0f5bd8c38e5035439dbac1f444d13a92c5b74f65dd6f7a5421bae6f244c433a3","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this paper we provide a quantitative framework for the study of phonological networks (PNs) for the English language by carrying out principled comparisons to null models, either based on site percolation, randomization techniques, or network growth models. In contrast to previous work, we mainly focus on null models that reproduce lower order characteristics of the empirical data. We find that artificial networks matching connectivity properties of the English PN are exceedingly rare: this leads to the hypothesis that the word repertoire might have been assembled over time by preferentiall","authors_text":"Markus Brede, Massimo Stella","cross_cats":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2014-10-16T14:25:01Z","title":"Patterns in the English Language: Phonological Networks, Percolation and Assembly Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1410.4445","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:98a4d5150eb2974cd0ec43dd94e5830d773108dd1cafff770c5380d683886b03","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"b154dbe3113d0e39f0139d991ded41f15af01be6256e0aecd9fa616c605d7de0","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.stat-mech"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2014-10-16T14:25:01Z","title_canon_sha256":"5d61a0ffe04f0677d1f2e0b4af99f69caf4a7296bf588e1db521e0fc6b54b700"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1410.4445","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"171dcdfb14454d155d5a7ddd49adf6e0986a6229f4e0be5c50e106ac0d5d778d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"171dcdfb14454d155d5a7ddd49adf6e0986a6229f4e0be5c50e106ac0d5d778d","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08.164198Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08.164198Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"bF3gayv2Y3mZGjtQ6cMg2bD7mN0AX4Xbe2EMFTAV/s4yUK4dPpM8/4ivhO0YzojEBFk0KEvFjfccFe1dy6KQDg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:55:08.164860Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1410.4445","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:98a4d5150eb2974cd0ec43dd94e5830d773108dd1cafff770c5380d683886b03","sha256:0f5bd8c38e5035439dbac1f444d13a92c5b74f65dd6f7a5421bae6f244c433a3"],"state_sha256":"0f77e2e2988eab05e128aa2234359223657a69a49f12820ed6205e6a8c23709d"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4qoP0xTbYKdKgUoSH3v2MLcs3Irb2wWfJGW7ia/2NjuQqM11S6AXoOZ73zZei19KT66XhLGcLbFlc0bGJd2xCw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T23:13:44.914853Z","bundle_sha256":"7478701a585ef279db976a76042e9488fcda88007effddd84cd5b39c608237e4"}}