{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RDD5DUZO4BZL","short_pith_number":"pith:C5GMBWNB","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1806.04330","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-06-12T04:48:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"055949a65cd7b205ae0f04dd213d17db7828f8f0e0e439cd84213e78a8398e36","abstract_canon_sha256":"605c3beec889d65483cb49d0346b27666711a6c8e227bb8c295c8a779c00ebae"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"174cc0d9a1ee7ba4f6231f474cbb81caf0aadca63126f356a31f488f666bc1bc","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1806.04330","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1806.04330","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1806.04330v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1806.04330","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"C5GMBWNB5Z52","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"C5GMBWNB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RDD5DUZO4BZL","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1806.04330","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-06-12T04:48:06Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"055949a65cd7b205ae0f04dd213d17db7828f8f0e0e439cd84213e78a8398e36","abstract_canon_sha256":"605c3beec889d65483cb49d0346b27666711a6c8e227bb8c295c8a779c00ebae"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"174cc0d9a1ee7ba4f6231f474cbb81caf0aadca63126f356a31f488f666bc1bc","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27.519053Z","signature_b64":"TwuYCrXGCgVLxdnPh3/OjpVYmilIpa/gzw01GdiWItrGWGn+w+waKyRK78SxrihSRQJQkVGpdNzvSTc1ZWT7Cw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"174cc0d9a1ee7ba4f6231f474cbb81caf0aadca63126f356a31f488f666bc1bc","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27.518570Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27.518570Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1806.04330","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fBUGDQ9dDvbuVzlEYSRGCeMgJUPqSIby3/VBiLdy6yF0Kt8aeVCjEEQgBQCujoa/K/qqRIhi1L8bCk5SjjU0AA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T17:45:52.544954Z"},"content_sha256":"1511a086cddf1ca45a35e45c8838f09265146a0eec65e48dfd68b24f9aeb2f43","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1511a086cddf1ca45a35e45c8838f09265146a0eec65e48dfd68b24f9aeb2f43"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RDD5DUZO4BZL","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Neural Network Models for Paraphrase Identification, Semantic Textual Similarity, Natural Language Inference, and Question Answering","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Wei Xu, Wuwei Lan","submitted_at":"2018-06-12T04:48:06Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we analyze several neural network designs (and their variations) for sentence pair modeling and compare their performance extensively across eight datasets, including paraphrase identification, semantic textual similarity, natural language inference, and question answering tasks. Although most of these models have claimed state-of-the-art performance, the original papers often reported on only one or two selected datasets. We provide a systematic study and show that (i) encoding contextual information by LSTM and inter-sentence interactions are critical, (ii) Tree-LSTM does not "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1806.04330","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wh9EAOuY3zLUfIKnc3s9gascSYCCfLWQDA8/XMpxrmkmdaRrG6vA2jy0TP/1q1tM3RhbcxN6zu1UBEsPTu9BAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T17:45:52.545296Z"},"content_sha256":"0052fe2c24a2dde283ed9db3af8aa4d84875e45c22ff3eeb84619c2fb4e94e5e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0052fe2c24a2dde283ed9db3af8aa4d84875e45c22ff3eeb84619c2fb4e94e5e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RDD5DUZO4BZL/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RDD5DUZO4BZL/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RDD5DUZO4BZL/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-04T17:45:52Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RDD5DUZO4BZL","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RDD5DUZO4BZL/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RDD5DUZO4BZL/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RDD5DUZO4BZL/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RDD5DUZO4BZL","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"605c3beec889d65483cb49d0346b27666711a6c8e227bb8c295c8a779c00ebae","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-06-12T04:48:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"055949a65cd7b205ae0f04dd213d17db7828f8f0e0e439cd84213e78a8398e36"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1806.04330","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1806.04330","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1806.04330v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1806.04330","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"C5GMBWNB5Z52","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"C5GMBWNB5Z52J5RD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"C5GMBWNB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:0052fe2c24a2dde283ed9db3af8aa4d84875e45c22ff3eeb84619c2fb4e94e5e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we analyze several neural network designs (and their variations) for sentence pair modeling and compare their performance extensively across eight datasets, including paraphrase identification, semantic textual similarity, natural language inference, and question answering tasks. Although most of these models have claimed state-of-the-art performance, the original papers often reported on only one or two selected datasets. We provide a systematic study and show that (i) encoding contextual information by LSTM and inter-sentence interactions are critical, (ii) Tree-LSTM does not ","authors_text":"Wei Xu, Wuwei Lan","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-06-12T04:48:06Z","title":"Neural Network Models for Paraphrase Identification, Semantic Textual Similarity, Natural Language Inference, and Question Answering"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1806.04330","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1511a086cddf1ca45a35e45c8838f09265146a0eec65e48dfd68b24f9aeb2f43","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"605c3beec889d65483cb49d0346b27666711a6c8e227bb8c295c8a779c00ebae","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2018-06-12T04:48:06Z","title_canon_sha256":"055949a65cd7b205ae0f04dd213d17db7828f8f0e0e439cd84213e78a8398e36"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1806.04330","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"174cc0d9a1ee7ba4f6231f474cbb81caf0aadca63126f356a31f488f666bc1bc","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"174cc0d9a1ee7ba4f6231f474cbb81caf0aadca63126f356a31f488f666bc1bc","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27.518570Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27.518570Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"TwuYCrXGCgVLxdnPh3/OjpVYmilIpa/gzw01GdiWItrGWGn+w+waKyRK78SxrihSRQJQkVGpdNzvSTc1ZWT7Cw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:07:27.519053Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1806.04330","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1511a086cddf1ca45a35e45c8838f09265146a0eec65e48dfd68b24f9aeb2f43","sha256:0052fe2c24a2dde283ed9db3af8aa4d84875e45c22ff3eeb84619c2fb4e94e5e"],"state_sha256":"34ccfa3f440c5056c550e35863776e704c53a94399cf54cb66abc295e9d511d4"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"vhN8Gr2zd4OHfmAuXEAIxILIorfVH+JF9oB/8t0fTCnMNZUCr8EwFiNkz+8A/qjTlc2OjIbWXTWiRh0GwmheCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-04T17:45:52.547230Z","bundle_sha256":"af4d949750d49a71cf9bf73706b6c33cbe5673587c32f1a3471a76a13d99f7e4"}}