{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:CANMJMYEJBQYPRZGAYF6NGKQRJ","short_pith_number":"pith:CANMJMYE","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1809.10808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2018-09-28T00:23:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"86eb050cf4e04ed9b6302f7af7fb866f540944891ea944a4e7d1b1fd5fe99a38","abstract_canon_sha256":"c625cfa94e4a1f1615e25c56e083a5bd6a1390776a987fb0ee47e0b0f76f63a2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"101ac4b304486187c726060be699508a5dafc46183a3d473876bbc5f0f546906","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1809.10808","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1809.10808","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1809.10808v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1809.10808","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CANMJMYEJBQY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CANMJMYEJBQYPRZG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CANMJMYE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:CANMJMYEJBQYPRZGAYF6NGKQRJ","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1809.10808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2018-09-28T00:23:49Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"86eb050cf4e04ed9b6302f7af7fb866f540944891ea944a4e7d1b1fd5fe99a38","abstract_canon_sha256":"c625cfa94e4a1f1615e25c56e083a5bd6a1390776a987fb0ee47e0b0f76f63a2"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"101ac4b304486187c726060be699508a5dafc46183a3d473876bbc5f0f546906","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34.986714Z","signature_b64":"FqGLSj68HmIfDWWqa1Gx7NfN2mRQptR/jUmVZNgguxZAqWDFQ+De9APtfD1seRYSjf2l0kQWmT3pS1NTDzYYBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"101ac4b304486187c726060be699508a5dafc46183a3d473876bbc5f0f546906","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34.986023Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34.986023Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1809.10808","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bGnXTLDzAD2Hz2RahVw7jND7qgJNeS/LYeKLBIAie9kLsHbM2cYi5BCcXzASunO1x3H+Vw2YHvcEsXDjfIFoBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T02:31:22.554945Z"},"content_sha256":"675e330a6a143b47435360f74babbba3df23edcde6f6acc4d5ff742f3ea35274","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:675e330a6a143b47435360f74babbba3df23edcde6f6acc4d5ff742f3ea35274"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:CANMJMYEJBQYPRZGAYF6NGKQRJ","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Game-Theoretic Model and Experimental Investigation of Cyber Wargaming","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Alexander Kott, Edward Colbert, Lawrence Knachel","submitted_at":"2018-09-28T00:23:49Z","abstract_excerpt":"We demonstrate that game-theoretic calculations serve as a useful tool for assisting cyber wargaming teams in identifying useful strategies. We note a significant similarity between formulating cyber wargaming strategies and the methodology known in military practice as Course of Action (COA) generation. For scenarios in which the attacker must penetrate multiple layers in a defense-in-depth security configuration, an accounting of attacker and defender costs and penetration probabilities provides cost-utility payoff matrices and penetration probability matrices. These can be used as decision "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1809.10808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+OyQIIVERnwtinhnhO2O7ys2o3WbGzKs0qMPAkaoo1QxUqZ+RH01d0hCgz+EczPAXDxUW/wntyy93hUdeaSGDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T02:31:22.555638Z"},"content_sha256":"649cd79dadab71e5329cc06e0c68967a4928b714b9bdbafaebcfe60aff94512b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:649cd79dadab71e5329cc06e0c68967a4928b714b9bdbafaebcfe60aff94512b"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CANMJMYEJBQYPRZGAYF6NGKQRJ/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CANMJMYEJBQYPRZGAYF6NGKQRJ/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CANMJMYEJBQYPRZGAYF6NGKQRJ/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-27T02:31:22Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/CANMJMYEJBQYPRZGAYF6NGKQRJ","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/CANMJMYEJBQYPRZGAYF6NGKQRJ/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/CANMJMYEJBQYPRZGAYF6NGKQRJ/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CANMJMYEJBQYPRZGAYF6NGKQRJ/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:CANMJMYEJBQYPRZGAYF6NGKQRJ","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c625cfa94e4a1f1615e25c56e083a5bd6a1390776a987fb0ee47e0b0f76f63a2","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2018-09-28T00:23:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"86eb050cf4e04ed9b6302f7af7fb866f540944891ea944a4e7d1b1fd5fe99a38"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1809.10808","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1809.10808","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1809.10808v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1809.10808","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CANMJMYEJBQY","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CANMJMYEJBQYPRZG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CANMJMYE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:16Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:649cd79dadab71e5329cc06e0c68967a4928b714b9bdbafaebcfe60aff94512b","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We demonstrate that game-theoretic calculations serve as a useful tool for assisting cyber wargaming teams in identifying useful strategies. We note a significant similarity between formulating cyber wargaming strategies and the methodology known in military practice as Course of Action (COA) generation. For scenarios in which the attacker must penetrate multiple layers in a defense-in-depth security configuration, an accounting of attacker and defender costs and penetration probabilities provides cost-utility payoff matrices and penetration probability matrices. These can be used as decision ","authors_text":"Alexander Kott, Edward Colbert, Lawrence Knachel","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2018-09-28T00:23:49Z","title":"Game-Theoretic Model and Experimental Investigation of Cyber Wargaming"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1809.10808","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:675e330a6a143b47435360f74babbba3df23edcde6f6acc4d5ff742f3ea35274","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c625cfa94e4a1f1615e25c56e083a5bd6a1390776a987fb0ee47e0b0f76f63a2","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2018-09-28T00:23:49Z","title_canon_sha256":"86eb050cf4e04ed9b6302f7af7fb866f540944891ea944a4e7d1b1fd5fe99a38"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1809.10808","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"101ac4b304486187c726060be699508a5dafc46183a3d473876bbc5f0f546906","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"101ac4b304486187c726060be699508a5dafc46183a3d473876bbc5f0f546906","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34.986023Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34.986023Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"FqGLSj68HmIfDWWqa1Gx7NfN2mRQptR/jUmVZNgguxZAqWDFQ+De9APtfD1seRYSjf2l0kQWmT3pS1NTDzYYBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:04:34.986714Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1809.10808","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:675e330a6a143b47435360f74babbba3df23edcde6f6acc4d5ff742f3ea35274","sha256:649cd79dadab71e5329cc06e0c68967a4928b714b9bdbafaebcfe60aff94512b"],"state_sha256":"9d49a906ffc2d93cb9cda69a1b40b719f7e60cf1bceb16897be2654824a657c9"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"0B/s2QInR00PYa36M8wow8sbCJ9IvZ/5jqrWEnisheDknj1ghFAIgbLRzakQ0t1tSSNlOXLoMjoR4HEvn9R5Ag==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-27T02:31:22.559282Z","bundle_sha256":"61046e498002f20811d25df58eb77a98e867af801ff614e139611dd50ad74483"}}