{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2026:CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ","short_pith_number":"pith:CBTXK6J4","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"106775793c32cfb0bf58220ff4ec60127c3eaee01568a221a35ffd5de255494c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2605.15090","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Energy efficiency of quantum computers","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"Energy efficiency of a quantum computer is defined as the number of algorithms it can run per unit of energy consumed, including all hardware overheads.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"quant-ph","authors_text":"Andr\\'es G\\'omez, Ariane Soret, Carmen G. Almud\\'ever, Eduard Alarc\\'on, Gerard Milburn, Irais Bautista, Jose Miralles, Klara Theophilo, Miquel Carrasco-Codina, Pau Escofet, Paul Hilaire, Raja Yehia, Sam Nerenberg, Sergi Abadal, Sophie H. Li, Victor Champain","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T17:11:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"How much energy does a quantum computer consume? Are they more efficient than their classical counterparts? In this work, we make a step towards answering these questions. We define the energy efficiency of a quantum computer as the ratio of the number of algorithms it can perform during a given time over the energy consumed by the hardware during this time. We analyze the most representative physical platforms currently envisioned to be used as building blocks of quantum computers: superconducting qubits, silicon spin qubits, trapped ions, neutral atoms and photonic qubits. Including insights"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":true,"formal_links_present":true},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.15090","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T17:11:18Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"31731616b203e302abf6c00a8be03e69ae3c3ec0e25113d544427b47ea305b84","abstract_canon_sha256":"0ed5e50c4ec8929f4af5c3c52fac66acd8fd4face81a46133926698d108f8e2e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.2","canonical_sha256":"106775793c32cfb0bf58220ff4ec60127c3eaee01568a221a35ffd5de255494c","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T21:57:19.238168Z","signature_status":"unsigned_v0","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T21:40:25.916701Z"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Energy efficiency of quantum computers","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"Energy efficiency of a quantum computer is defined as the number of algorithms it can run per unit of energy consumed, including all hardware overheads.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"quant-ph","authors_text":"Andr\\'es G\\'omez, Ariane Soret, Carmen G. Almud\\'ever, Eduard Alarc\\'on, Gerard Milburn, Irais Bautista, Jose Miralles, Klara Theophilo, Miquel Carrasco-Codina, Pau Escofet, Paul Hilaire, Raja Yehia, Sam Nerenberg, Sergi Abadal, Sophie H. Li, Victor Champain","submitted_at":"2026-05-14T17:11:18Z","abstract_excerpt":"How much energy does a quantum computer consume? Are they more efficient than their classical counterparts? In this work, we make a step towards answering these questions. We define the energy efficiency of a quantum computer as the ratio of the number of algorithms it can perform during a given time over the energy consumed by the hardware during this time. We analyze the most representative physical platforms currently envisioned to be used as building blocks of quantum computers: superconducting qubits, silicon spin qubits, trapped ions, neutral atoms and photonic qubits. Including insights"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"We define the energy efficiency of a quantum computer as the ratio of the number of algorithms it can perform during a given time over the energy consumed by the hardware during this time.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That the energy consumption estimates for each platform, including overheads from cooling, control systems, and algorithm compilation, are accurate and representative based on expert insights.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"A new definition of quantum computer energy efficiency is introduced and applied to five major qubit platforms, yielding concrete consumption estimates for current systems and a benchmarking framework for future architectures.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Energy efficiency of a quantum computer is defined as the number of algorithms it can run per unit of energy consumed, including all hardware overheads.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"38b1d0fd35a4e289811c01938051c856ae21b8f6a52f92f369c0c1539cf8f094"},"source":{"id":"2605.15090","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"f6e0dec0-8bb8-42b6-a09b-aa405c504305","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-15T03:13:00.192866Z","strongest_claim":"We define the energy efficiency of a quantum computer as the ratio of the number of algorithms it can perform during a given time over the energy consumed by the hardware during this time.","one_line_summary":"A new definition of quantum computer energy efficiency is introduced and applied to five major qubit platforms, yielding concrete consumption estimates for current systems and a benchmarking framework for future architectures.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That the energy consumption estimates for each platform, including overheads from cooling, control systems, and algorithm compilation, are accurate and representative based on expert insights.","pith_extraction_headline":"Energy efficiency of a quantum computer is defined as the number of algorithms it can run per unit of energy consumed, including all hardware overheads."},"references":{"count":184,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2022,"title":"Quantum technologies need a quantum energy initiative.PRX Quantum, 3:020101, Jun 2022","work_id":"a471e4b6-458e-473d-9eca-4db0c566c462","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"Mind the gaps: The fraught road to quantum advantage, 2025","work_id":"0e7b1ff4-8158-4455-a73f-b9c2405456bf","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2023,"title":"Whitney, and Alexia Auffèves","work_id":"bb70eb2f-4598-42ff-a350-2915c750178c","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2024,"title":"Andreas J. C. Woitzik, Lukas Hoffmann, Andreas Buchleitner, and Edoardo G. Carnio. An En- ergy Estimation Benchmark for Quantum Computers.Open Systems & Information Dynamics, 31(01):2450006, March 202","work_id":"4c4682af-0c37-487a-ad30-38a881d0984e","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"Energetic analysis of emerging quantum communication protocols,","work_id":"8cd07b3c-0f59-4d5e-94ce-0d32f9a0405a","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":184,"snapshot_sha256":"d5189903deead3b496e613e5d7711dcdd2d519feef1e51159337010a90d6f65d","internal_anchors":3},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"9c458dd98b5d18645880ff46c5892c6a9b9a49b3a23b202aab64ad22b551e941"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.15090","created_at":"2026-05-17T21:18:33.474500+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.15090v1","created_at":"2026-05-17T21:18:33.474500+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CBTXK6J4GLH3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37.589309+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2Y","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37.589309+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CBTXK6J4","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37.589309+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":1,"internal_anchor_count":1,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2605.19854","citing_title":"Unveiling Energetic Advantage in Superconducting Cat-Qubits Quantum Computation","ref_index":20,"is_internal_anchor":true}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ","json":"https://pith.science/pith/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/CBTXK6J4"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/CBTXK6J4","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2605.15090&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/CBTXK6J4GLH3BP2YEIH7J3DACJ/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-17T21:18:33.474500+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-17T21:57:19.238260+00:00"}