{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2014:CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I","short_pith_number":"pith:CC6ABL35","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"10bc00af7dd37e6183417cd6c18fb8f22eb1121ef64bf893e5836ad2255b70b9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1402.3762","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Schwinger's Quantum Action Principle. I. From Dirac's Formulation through Feynman's Path Integrals to the Schwinger-Keldysh Method","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["quant-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.hist-ph","authors_text":"K. A. Milton","submitted_at":"2014-02-16T06:52:15Z","abstract_excerpt":"Starting from the earlier notions of stationary action principles, we show how Schwinger's Quantum Action Principle descended from Dirac's formulation, which independently led Feynman to his path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics. The connection between the two is brought out, and applications are discussed. The Keldysh-Schwinger time-cycle method of extracting matrix elements is described. Part II will discuss the variational formulation of quantum electrodynamics and the development of source theory."},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1402.3762","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.hist-ph","submitted_at":"2014-02-16T06:52:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":["quant-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"d76614826dc89f374cf1fccab1a3e6b4e502873a54f344f8b87a322270d79bee","abstract_canon_sha256":"29cb08a1bc3b93f4755f132608ee263c713d24a65c43f8fdbf6feab254e4277b"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:58:55.693433Z","signature_b64":"uhQ5KPcpBImSVA03daKKGTQDGk0fk9QNFBtWMT83SayC9VHeuhuGpuuw1VZ6sGqwcX6U8jL4zh3f7NSHiEG2Dg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"10bc00af7dd37e6183417cd6c18fb8f22eb1121ef64bf893e5836ad2255b70b9","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:58:55.692926Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:58:55.692926Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Schwinger's Quantum Action Principle. I. From Dirac's Formulation through Feynman's Path Integrals to the Schwinger-Keldysh Method","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["quant-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.hist-ph","authors_text":"K. A. Milton","submitted_at":"2014-02-16T06:52:15Z","abstract_excerpt":"Starting from the earlier notions of stationary action principles, we show how Schwinger's Quantum Action Principle descended from Dirac's formulation, which independently led Feynman to his path-integral formulation of quantum mechanics. The connection between the two is brought out, and applications are discussed. The Keldysh-Schwinger time-cycle method of extracting matrix elements is described. Part II will discuss the variational formulation of quantum electrodynamics and the development of source theory."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1402.3762","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1402.3762","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:58:55.693003+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1402.3762v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:58:55.693003+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1402.3762","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:58:55.693003+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CC6ABL352N7G","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22.404517+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CC6ABL352N7GDA2B","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22.404517+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CC6ABL35","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:28:22.404517+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I","json":"https://pith.science/pith/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/CC6ABL35"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/CC6ABL35","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1402.3762&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/CC6ABL352N7GDA2BPTLMDD5Y6I/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:58:55.693003+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-18T02:58:55.693003+00:00"}