{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JUSI3UWSXRNT","short_pith_number":"pith:CDURQF5Q","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2404.14355","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-22T17:07:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"a469aaf831f44a202090f1c19a22ad59d35221e271037d70ebcefa9bedba97ca","abstract_canon_sha256":"8ec29c143cf66a30b67cbac3dde264b01df99a945885ddc29df8e532ee052d51"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"10e91817b0c731d1f13492374b4af16cef4f73187bc2d4134586f931f3ab727c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2404.14355","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2404.14355","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2404.14355v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.14355","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CDURQF5QY4Y5","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JU","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CDURQF5Q","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JUSI3UWSXRNT","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2404.14355","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-22T17:07:25Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"title_canon_sha256":"a469aaf831f44a202090f1c19a22ad59d35221e271037d70ebcefa9bedba97ca","abstract_canon_sha256":"8ec29c143cf66a30b67cbac3dde264b01df99a945885ddc29df8e532ee052d51"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"10e91817b0c731d1f13492374b4af16cef4f73187bc2d4134586f931f3ab727c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47.123825Z","signature_b64":"dYGHtIN9N+3iBOVOq87NNrK0kNo854Ao8JYrz7F6n2n9wPsb4JzMdP/+YrqfpL0c3GoYrcsgEZnG2uxA2w2WBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"10e91817b0c731d1f13492374b4af16cef4f73187bc2d4134586f931f3ab727c","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47.123337Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47.123337Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2404.14355","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"wgP9hcwdcKXDS1AJcr2iszCX5SL43G5aY8mFLLP5JrSd3J+LgaHMpwIFLVcwsrENCMFK0oCQXqPk+yXIdkyOCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T21:40:11.551710Z"},"content_sha256":"4e04b5a29d9dd33c4e6e59ab06464883df609a690a4222d35996313c08e8dcbb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4e04b5a29d9dd33c4e6e59ab06464883df609a690a4222d35996313c08e8dcbb"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JUSI3UWSXRNT","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Pre-Calc: Learning to Use the Calculator Improves Numeracy in Language Models","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Kshitish Ghate, Vishruth Veerendranath, Vishwa Shah","submitted_at":"2024-04-22T17:07:25Z","abstract_excerpt":"Quantitative and numerical comprehension in language is an important task in many fields like education and finance, but still remains a challenging task for language models. While tool and calculator usage has shown to be helpful to improve mathematical reasoning in large pretrained decoder-only language models, this remains unexplored for smaller language models with encoders. In this paper, we propose Pre-Calc, a simple pre-finetuning objective of learning to use the calculator for both encoder-only and encoder-decoder architectures, formulated as a discriminative and generative task respec"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2404.14355","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2404.14355/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"tucS7giAlvLPeQ7bpSW1imrwWsUWPU8T7Yd/d2bYI72kXRDQ32W6We4Eptnf8QngEcJCQ3hKLtu3clIOxzswCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T21:40:11.552214Z"},"content_sha256":"44332a1e241dc052a71b1c24bf21c31da5019b23a5de8dec7c460bc97ab632ad","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:44332a1e241dc052a71b1c24bf21c31da5019b23a5de8dec7c460bc97ab632ad"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JUSI3UWSXRNT/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JUSI3UWSXRNT/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JUSI3UWSXRNT/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-12T21:40:11Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JUSI3UWSXRNT","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JUSI3UWSXRNT/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JUSI3UWSXRNT/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JUSI3UWSXRNT/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JUSI3UWSXRNT","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8ec29c143cf66a30b67cbac3dde264b01df99a945885ddc29df8e532ee052d51","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-22T17:07:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"a469aaf831f44a202090f1c19a22ad59d35221e271037d70ebcefa9bedba97ca"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2404.14355","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2404.14355","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2404.14355v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.14355","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CDURQF5QY4Y5","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CDURQF5QY4Y5D4JU","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CDURQF5Q","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:44332a1e241dc052a71b1c24bf21c31da5019b23a5de8dec7c460bc97ab632ad","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2404.14355/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Quantitative and numerical comprehension in language is an important task in many fields like education and finance, but still remains a challenging task for language models. While tool and calculator usage has shown to be helpful to improve mathematical reasoning in large pretrained decoder-only language models, this remains unexplored for smaller language models with encoders. In this paper, we propose Pre-Calc, a simple pre-finetuning objective of learning to use the calculator for both encoder-only and encoder-decoder architectures, formulated as a discriminative and generative task respec","authors_text":"Kshitish Ghate, Vishruth Veerendranath, Vishwa Shah","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-22T17:07:25Z","title":"Pre-Calc: Learning to Use the Calculator Improves Numeracy in Language Models"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2404.14355","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:4e04b5a29d9dd33c4e6e59ab06464883df609a690a4222d35996313c08e8dcbb","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"8ec29c143cf66a30b67cbac3dde264b01df99a945885ddc29df8e532ee052d51","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-22T17:07:25Z","title_canon_sha256":"a469aaf831f44a202090f1c19a22ad59d35221e271037d70ebcefa9bedba97ca"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2404.14355","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"10e91817b0c731d1f13492374b4af16cef4f73187bc2d4134586f931f3ab727c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"10e91817b0c731d1f13492374b4af16cef4f73187bc2d4134586f931f3ab727c","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47.123337Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47.123337Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"dYGHtIN9N+3iBOVOq87NNrK0kNo854Ao8JYrz7F6n2n9wPsb4JzMdP/+YrqfpL0c3GoYrcsgEZnG2uxA2w2WBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T08:36:47.123825Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2404.14355","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:4e04b5a29d9dd33c4e6e59ab06464883df609a690a4222d35996313c08e8dcbb","sha256:44332a1e241dc052a71b1c24bf21c31da5019b23a5de8dec7c460bc97ab632ad"],"state_sha256":"818b7798b7b1302b62b26bedc41ad5366d054f7dac4337dead6a5c055f662bf9"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"+fZqAKg34OBax8QtR5AHMxu2DsRKJtDFWC5H6UPLtgsoraSb1C28ioOSSwWCLdfjNQnanEe2rFXsCQBXkCknCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-12T21:40:11.557506Z","bundle_sha256":"d37cb1c4276d1eacb4633b6f836ca4c7fa951bcf9d2fa1741bde7541c1536f70"}}