{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:CEFM7UZTUTB7LEERMA3ONH7XDL","short_pith_number":"pith:CEFM7UZT","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2302.13844","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-02-27T14:47:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.MA"],"title_canon_sha256":"68d0b694fe6e68b004aaa7951046a029bc5dcd2729dbbee9ba40270eb8ad161b","abstract_canon_sha256":"af8337f836e9a5c9493104502aab62a479e355e793a2d0f4cc8739f6871e2161"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"110acfd333a4c3f590916036e69ff71acda228768290bddffd570efcc3f74d5d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2302.13844","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2302.13844","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2302.13844v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2302.13844","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CEFM7UZTUTB7","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CEFM7UZTUTB7LEER","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CEFM7UZT","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:CEFM7UZTUTB7LEERMA3ONH7XDL","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2302.13844","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-02-27T14:47:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.MA"],"title_canon_sha256":"68d0b694fe6e68b004aaa7951046a029bc5dcd2729dbbee9ba40270eb8ad161b","abstract_canon_sha256":"af8337f836e9a5c9493104502aab62a479e355e793a2d0f4cc8739f6871e2161"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"110acfd333a4c3f590916036e69ff71acda228768290bddffd570efcc3f74d5d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52.055281Z","signature_b64":"zHPG4jSmQ3h88X2xhmSDuPB2VZXRu6o0OJi193K/GmAGISA56IBedtbbgSej+GhPZGp6s2068bX9VXh1uEQcCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"110acfd333a4c3f590916036e69ff71acda228768290bddffd570efcc3f74d5d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52.054864Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52.054864Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2302.13844","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"EK3l8GnJigj548bbAKGgzNlExSQQVVZG9jjE6uMy7d1ITOWFpkUBGWbv8IZKC+yZ7UOiFtL5QwrQBwZQLv0WCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T05:01:21.182738Z"},"content_sha256":"847408b931d7823fe14a58b490d5d1455102d78de783f13a56bbae645809d4ba","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:847408b931d7823fe14a58b490d5d1455102d78de783f13a56bbae645809d4ba"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:CEFM7UZTUTB7LEERMA3ONH7XDL","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Safe Multi-agent Learning via Trapping Regions","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.MA"],"primary_cat":"cs.AI","authors_text":"Aleksander Czechowski, Frans A. Oliehoek","submitted_at":"2023-02-27T14:47:52Z","abstract_excerpt":"One of the main challenges of multi-agent learning lies in establishing convergence of the algorithms, as, in general, a collection of individual, self-serving agents is not guaranteed to converge with their joint policy, when learning concurrently. This is in stark contrast to most single-agent environments, and sets a prohibitive barrier for deployment in practical applications, as it induces uncertainty in long term behavior of the system. In this work, we apply the concept of trapping regions, known from qualitative theory of dynamical systems, to create safety sets in the joint strategy s"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2302.13844","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2302.13844/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"itzn0HAHhgpvsYzVKGEufL3W6ix8O+FoaTko6FydmA2CdE6hg+xIgzW3Cg7E05KGIRAqU3npAEbJYizR87S7Bg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T05:01:21.183112Z"},"content_sha256":"18b4ba7c1fc2cb80666c9e468d192de1e20552a13d2e78fa2a0fddf0c61fa4b7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:18b4ba7c1fc2cb80666c9e468d192de1e20552a13d2e78fa2a0fddf0c61fa4b7"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CEFM7UZTUTB7LEERMA3ONH7XDL/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CEFM7UZTUTB7LEERMA3ONH7XDL/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CEFM7UZTUTB7LEERMA3ONH7XDL/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-09T05:01:21Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/CEFM7UZTUTB7LEERMA3ONH7XDL","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/CEFM7UZTUTB7LEERMA3ONH7XDL/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/CEFM7UZTUTB7LEERMA3ONH7XDL/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CEFM7UZTUTB7LEERMA3ONH7XDL/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:CEFM7UZTUTB7LEERMA3ONH7XDL","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"af8337f836e9a5c9493104502aab62a479e355e793a2d0f4cc8739f6871e2161","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.MA"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-02-27T14:47:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"68d0b694fe6e68b004aaa7951046a029bc5dcd2729dbbee9ba40270eb8ad161b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2302.13844","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2302.13844","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2302.13844v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2302.13844","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CEFM7UZTUTB7","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CEFM7UZTUTB7LEER","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CEFM7UZT","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:18b4ba7c1fc2cb80666c9e468d192de1e20552a13d2e78fa2a0fddf0c61fa4b7","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2302.13844/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"One of the main challenges of multi-agent learning lies in establishing convergence of the algorithms, as, in general, a collection of individual, self-serving agents is not guaranteed to converge with their joint policy, when learning concurrently. This is in stark contrast to most single-agent environments, and sets a prohibitive barrier for deployment in practical applications, as it induces uncertainty in long term behavior of the system. In this work, we apply the concept of trapping regions, known from qualitative theory of dynamical systems, to create safety sets in the joint strategy s","authors_text":"Aleksander Czechowski, Frans A. Oliehoek","cross_cats":["cs.MA"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-02-27T14:47:52Z","title":"Safe Multi-agent Learning via Trapping Regions"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2302.13844","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:847408b931d7823fe14a58b490d5d1455102d78de783f13a56bbae645809d4ba","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"af8337f836e9a5c9493104502aab62a479e355e793a2d0f4cc8739f6871e2161","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.MA"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2023-02-27T14:47:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"68d0b694fe6e68b004aaa7951046a029bc5dcd2729dbbee9ba40270eb8ad161b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2302.13844","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"110acfd333a4c3f590916036e69ff71acda228768290bddffd570efcc3f74d5d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"110acfd333a4c3f590916036e69ff71acda228768290bddffd570efcc3f74d5d","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52.054864Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52.054864Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"zHPG4jSmQ3h88X2xhmSDuPB2VZXRu6o0OJi193K/GmAGISA56IBedtbbgSej+GhPZGp6s2068bX9VXh1uEQcCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T06:10:52.055281Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2302.13844","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:847408b931d7823fe14a58b490d5d1455102d78de783f13a56bbae645809d4ba","sha256:18b4ba7c1fc2cb80666c9e468d192de1e20552a13d2e78fa2a0fddf0c61fa4b7"],"state_sha256":"72a15dc0408310640b7d3bf9a26048f6f9cbfac5c98a05e187a50924ddb598f3"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"mIy36InO9Gcw/9fcSWU8anGLMKLuICvQjjZ/QiEL4YYk7tJzp2qCOqjmK5l0uM6DsQLuBkW3AojCxnzgFoc9AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-09T05:01:21.188325Z","bundle_sha256":"e5ba3800d874fd5a2cd47aa2b907aaa51842485dfb4ee5fd8d11dbd7ad662c09"}}