{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWLTJU2GRHA4T","short_pith_number":"pith:CGDPLHF7","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2011.02839","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2020-10-28T18:15:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"3c2f6e0eaffb0ebbb7d4948f47ce08a656cc0d56bdfa59e18388c17f44bab887","abstract_canon_sha256":"f20d88d3bd96552fc703807ec6ecd830dedb224775592392a24ffae4b02b0528"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1186f59cbf95cd538ecb9a69a344e0e4e9b51dc893a57871a7ec2fb6fea43b3d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2011.02839","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2011.02839","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2011.02839v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2011.02839","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CGDPLHF7SXGV","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWL","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CGDPLHF7","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWLTJU2GRHA4T","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2011.02839","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2020-10-28T18:15:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"title_canon_sha256":"3c2f6e0eaffb0ebbb7d4948f47ce08a656cc0d56bdfa59e18388c17f44bab887","abstract_canon_sha256":"f20d88d3bd96552fc703807ec6ecd830dedb224775592392a24ffae4b02b0528"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1186f59cbf95cd538ecb9a69a344e0e4e9b51dc893a57871a7ec2fb6fea43b3d","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26.337655Z","signature_b64":"xi08PlCXxJh5okjOEeX9ei0bY0PGUQe7hn2mIQPTLGHEmCh/KU9Nnev4TlhuQJGGSz0Ju96NXRTB0JjalrRBAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"1186f59cbf95cd538ecb9a69a344e0e4e9b51dc893a57871a7ec2fb6fea43b3d","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26.337120Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26.337120Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2011.02839","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"NWqAjnIM4rhfaHj1Zon/3NzwKORnAlcxKF9mNlNhbl7tHylPwmc417WhmqIx4Pdzk+rj9kNyz1dbGbT8I8rSCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T06:45:18.701194Z"},"content_sha256":"24979f8aba5615d6e6c2061c7b9632c3cb16b55cfd3bdcf18cd1bd18e8206450","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:24979f8aba5615d6e6c2061c7b9632c3cb16b55cfd3bdcf18cd1bd18e8206450"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWLTJU2GRHA4T","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Chasing Carbon: The Elusive Environmental Footprint of Computing","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CY"],"primary_cat":"cs.AR","authors_text":"Carole-Jean Wu, David Brooks, Gu-Yeon Wei, Hsien-Hsin S. Lee, Jordan Tse, Sylvia Lee, Udit Gupta, Young Geun Kim","submitted_at":"2020-10-28T18:15:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"Given recent algorithm, software, and hardware innovation, computing has enabled a plethora of new applications. As computing becomes increasingly ubiquitous, however, so does its environmental impact. This paper brings the issue to the attention of computer-systems researchers. Our analysis, built on industry-reported characterization, quantifies the environmental effects of computing in terms of carbon emissions. Broadly, carbon emissions have two sources: operational energy consumption, and hardware manufacturing and infrastructure. Although carbon emissions from the former are decreasing t"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2011.02839","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2011.02839/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"3RY/HYnbMa9bu8n5tDZUIDtz9gLtTlI53meWNRgVDrEdxV38vh7zRwk5m8kaiBC+TgH3+F5NfKjSYirXODU5Ag==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T06:45:18.701694Z"},"content_sha256":"d4c97e48d9f18a221731bbcfa0785d1bcd1bfb90a8a0efea46b6aeb99ba858f9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:d4c97e48d9f18a221731bbcfa0785d1bcd1bfb90a8a0efea46b6aeb99ba858f9"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWLTJU2GRHA4T/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWLTJU2GRHA4T/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWLTJU2GRHA4T/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-22T06:45:18Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWLTJU2GRHA4T","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWLTJU2GRHA4T/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWLTJU2GRHA4T/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWLTJU2GRHA4T/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWLTJU2GRHA4T","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f20d88d3bd96552fc703807ec6ecd830dedb224775592392a24ffae4b02b0528","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2020-10-28T18:15:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"3c2f6e0eaffb0ebbb7d4948f47ce08a656cc0d56bdfa59e18388c17f44bab887"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2011.02839","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2011.02839","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2011.02839v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2011.02839","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CGDPLHF7SXGV","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CGDPLHF7SXGVHDWL","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CGDPLHF7","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:d4c97e48d9f18a221731bbcfa0785d1bcd1bfb90a8a0efea46b6aeb99ba858f9","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2011.02839/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Given recent algorithm, software, and hardware innovation, computing has enabled a plethora of new applications. As computing becomes increasingly ubiquitous, however, so does its environmental impact. This paper brings the issue to the attention of computer-systems researchers. Our analysis, built on industry-reported characterization, quantifies the environmental effects of computing in terms of carbon emissions. Broadly, carbon emissions have two sources: operational energy consumption, and hardware manufacturing and infrastructure. Although carbon emissions from the former are decreasing t","authors_text":"Carole-Jean Wu, David Brooks, Gu-Yeon Wei, Hsien-Hsin S. Lee, Jordan Tse, Sylvia Lee, Udit Gupta, Young Geun Kim","cross_cats":["cs.CY"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2020-10-28T18:15:22Z","title":"Chasing Carbon: The Elusive Environmental Footprint of Computing"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2011.02839","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:24979f8aba5615d6e6c2061c7b9632c3cb16b55cfd3bdcf18cd1bd18e8206450","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"f20d88d3bd96552fc703807ec6ecd830dedb224775592392a24ffae4b02b0528","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CY"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.AR","submitted_at":"2020-10-28T18:15:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"3c2f6e0eaffb0ebbb7d4948f47ce08a656cc0d56bdfa59e18388c17f44bab887"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2011.02839","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"1186f59cbf95cd538ecb9a69a344e0e4e9b51dc893a57871a7ec2fb6fea43b3d","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"1186f59cbf95cd538ecb9a69a344e0e4e9b51dc893a57871a7ec2fb6fea43b3d","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26.337120Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26.337120Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"xi08PlCXxJh5okjOEeX9ei0bY0PGUQe7hn2mIQPTLGHEmCh/KU9Nnev4TlhuQJGGSz0Ju96NXRTB0JjalrRBAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:49:26.337655Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2011.02839","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:24979f8aba5615d6e6c2061c7b9632c3cb16b55cfd3bdcf18cd1bd18e8206450","sha256:d4c97e48d9f18a221731bbcfa0785d1bcd1bfb90a8a0efea46b6aeb99ba858f9"],"state_sha256":"0fac06f62981706ef903d90ea93e6d69162cc4da61582fa3595df7bd82e32425"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"QbWv23LmGHsDtnXvd+704SBbC+zVi3r7sQ34JGkmXLIn4Pc4VO4RX1Qy/IW/0XOW/5cJAKIeJWGx4uBVU9h6AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-22T06:45:18.706580Z","bundle_sha256":"3635ac078792c6b09e8865b85dc364524d73728ba3da5a0cb32616abc43623b4"}}