{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2010:CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKIOGU2WTHTH5","short_pith_number":"pith:CGPFGPG4","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1001.3876","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2010-01-21T21:01:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"title_canon_sha256":"aaa165e13a488fbe64c5c4807ac04edf67ff71eba5bdcc5c353da98dd32b6e2b","abstract_canon_sha256":"55a991bba7dfaff4f0ef48539724cb8b3006090949721420bfe18263c24acce0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"119e533cdc0b8ff7a54871a9ab4cf33f59600d17c7b206551d411a0b3df53e64","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1001.3876","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1001.3876","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1001.3876v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1001.3876","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CGPFGPG4BOH7","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKI","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CGPFGPG4","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2010:CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKIOGU2WTHTH5","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1001.3876","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2010-01-21T21:01:03Z","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"title_canon_sha256":"aaa165e13a488fbe64c5c4807ac04edf67ff71eba5bdcc5c353da98dd32b6e2b","abstract_canon_sha256":"55a991bba7dfaff4f0ef48539724cb8b3006090949721420bfe18263c24acce0"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"119e533cdc0b8ff7a54871a9ab4cf33f59600d17c7b206551d411a0b3df53e64","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07.943624Z","signature_b64":"bAs8qFNfM13IQg+7dINgrAeGOE4B7+5FyH4ZDplWpTnR4Q4EIOTMUADkPxCLMY1RI93wtBSNhX0/I/uyAqAiBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"119e533cdc0b8ff7a54871a9ab4cf33f59600d17c7b206551d411a0b3df53e64","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07.943196Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07.943196Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1001.3876","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"saIEZBMf3h8MYgTi5zgsluZ0hz4y65vdRSwUZYLsaa4ElWiUdfm3QkUfgt8LbhLvkF9XCliJiEz2yM5Fo/XEBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:08:57.204412Z"},"content_sha256":"95187668c2e8be4df87617e61ccaf401b40e1805b31c7a741415c915ac4e8ee9","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:95187668c2e8be4df87617e61ccaf401b40e1805b31c7a741415c915ac4e8ee9"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2010:CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKIOGU2WTHTH5","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Alternatives to dark matter: Modified gravity as an alternative to dark matter","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","authors_text":"Jacob D. Bekenstein","submitted_at":"2010-01-21T21:01:03Z","abstract_excerpt":"The premier alternative to the dark matter paradigm is modified gravity. Following an introduction to the relevant phenomenology of galaxies, I review the MOND paradigm, an effective summary of the observations which any theory must reproduce. A simple nonlinear modified gravity theory does justice to MOND at the nonrelativistic level, but cannot be elevated to the relativistic level in a unique way. I go in detail into the covariant tensor-vector-theory (TeVeS) which not only recovers MOND but can also deal in detail with gravitational lensing and cosmology. Problems with MOND and TeVeS at th"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1001.3876","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1001.3876/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"g84ttiGEKI2j0EpLxd01xwEoYn4orqbbh0h2Lz7LMZUi1hnVC8muQOA2cQWo1GSYoQH6xU34/CwinPjgYZwRBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:08:57.205040Z"},"content_sha256":"2bca89b55a918f6f813bfbfb63de184a4f2b5306821fecccb0928bde715ea039","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2bca89b55a918f6f813bfbfb63de184a4f2b5306821fecccb0928bde715ea039"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKIOGU2WTHTH5/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKIOGU2WTHTH5/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKIOGU2WTHTH5/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T03:08:57Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKIOGU2WTHTH5","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKIOGU2WTHTH5/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKIOGU2WTHTH5/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKIOGU2WTHTH5/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2010:CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKIOGU2WTHTH5","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"55a991bba7dfaff4f0ef48539724cb8b3006090949721420bfe18263c24acce0","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2010-01-21T21:01:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"aaa165e13a488fbe64c5c4807ac04edf67ff71eba5bdcc5c353da98dd32b6e2b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1001.3876","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1001.3876","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1001.3876v1","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1001.3876","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CGPFGPG4BOH7","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CGPFGPG4BOH7PJKI","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CGPFGPG4","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2bca89b55a918f6f813bfbfb63de184a4f2b5306821fecccb0928bde715ea039","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1001.3876/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The premier alternative to the dark matter paradigm is modified gravity. Following an introduction to the relevant phenomenology of galaxies, I review the MOND paradigm, an effective summary of the observations which any theory must reproduce. A simple nonlinear modified gravity theory does justice to MOND at the nonrelativistic level, but cannot be elevated to the relativistic level in a unique way. I go in detail into the covariant tensor-vector-theory (TeVeS) which not only recovers MOND but can also deal in detail with gravitational lensing and cosmology. Problems with MOND and TeVeS at th","authors_text":"Jacob D. Bekenstein","cross_cats":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2010-01-21T21:01:03Z","title":"Alternatives to dark matter: Modified gravity as an alternative to dark matter"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1001.3876","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:95187668c2e8be4df87617e61ccaf401b40e1805b31c7a741415c915ac4e8ee9","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"55a991bba7dfaff4f0ef48539724cb8b3006090949721420bfe18263c24acce0","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc","hep-th"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2010-01-21T21:01:03Z","title_canon_sha256":"aaa165e13a488fbe64c5c4807ac04edf67ff71eba5bdcc5c353da98dd32b6e2b"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1001.3876","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"119e533cdc0b8ff7a54871a9ab4cf33f59600d17c7b206551d411a0b3df53e64","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"119e533cdc0b8ff7a54871a9ab4cf33f59600d17c7b206551d411a0b3df53e64","first_computed_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07.943196Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07.943196Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"bAs8qFNfM13IQg+7dINgrAeGOE4B7+5FyH4ZDplWpTnR4Q4EIOTMUADkPxCLMY1RI93wtBSNhX0/I/uyAqAiBg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-04T17:20:07.943624Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1001.3876","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:95187668c2e8be4df87617e61ccaf401b40e1805b31c7a741415c915ac4e8ee9","sha256:2bca89b55a918f6f813bfbfb63de184a4f2b5306821fecccb0928bde715ea039"],"state_sha256":"bd84e519dfdbe887875cca9da47aa58aaf5465a22836f0ba2c75c5a82f803c30"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"FfOvb1o10hve4EntKzGWy7v1drHtE2XhD/U3G06MlX0NjwqR2IxIVIF+E1Qk3RU9wexSkDgdo6OKPbtBEVlrDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T03:08:57.209839Z","bundle_sha256":"5a0c999d15b487a353537b21a6efd349391b983062b8bcfe54a1d23feed42e6a"}}