{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AYNA2VU6IZUT","short_pith_number":"pith:CI3SNFPF","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2307.10345","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2023-07-19T17:01:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc"],"title_canon_sha256":"987744a00d9454fa2d418ca0d677b86321fb202b59a887880bed6c1c155f1f73","abstract_canon_sha256":"fc45bafd241bcb89b0ed83380138993ba55a4d2c3deb0e35bc2f194b1ea30e4d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"12372695e5f950c3f41868355a7919a4e12f05c96b00ca383576fe33dcd1fb45","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2307.10345","version":4},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2307.10345","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2307.10345v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2307.10345","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CI3SNFPF7FIM","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AY","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CI3SNFPF","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AYNA2VU6IZUT","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2307.10345","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2023-07-19T17:01:22Z","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc"],"title_canon_sha256":"987744a00d9454fa2d418ca0d677b86321fb202b59a887880bed6c1c155f1f73","abstract_canon_sha256":"fc45bafd241bcb89b0ed83380138993ba55a4d2c3deb0e35bc2f194b1ea30e4d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"12372695e5f950c3f41868355a7919a4e12f05c96b00ca383576fe33dcd1fb45","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07.975339Z","signature_b64":"L94rSn2OyTxxMFR3OWi2HCSzm47tinDZhQdTklxfpRfshG096tH+Ow6EpCfghSxd1fyr/XLpN4Ovl6O69EilAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"12372695e5f950c3f41868355a7919a4e12f05c96b00ca383576fe33dcd1fb45","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07.974847Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07.974847Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2307.10345","source_version":4,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"8qw0+oUQdVuFB12HBxYQdNDwA6/YoJxbnrevVFEGtYt00PuNagSL5JsxPQ4RP2lgQoKM0e9hPXhtAJA72schAw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T03:31:16.345941Z"},"content_sha256":"2c5ef99a6393f403e066bb6b34f87bc37c30765104f753d108cd582ff7db606a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2c5ef99a6393f403e066bb6b34f87bc37c30765104f753d108cd582ff7db606a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2023:CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AYNA2VU6IZUT","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Towards a unitary formulation of quantum field theory in curved space-time: the case of Schwarzschild black hole","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["gr-qc"],"primary_cat":"hep-th","authors_text":"Jo\\~ao Marto, K. Sravan Kumar","submitted_at":"2023-07-19T17:01:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"We argue that the origin of unitarity violation and information loss paradox in our understanding of black holes (BH) lies in the standard way of doing quantum field theory in curved space-time (QFTCS), which is heavily biased on intuition borrowed from classical General Relativity. In this paper, with the quantum first approach, we formulate a so-called direct-sum QFT (DQFT) in BH space-time based on a novel formulation of discrete space-time transformations in gravity that potentially restores unitarity. By invoking the quantum effects associated with the gravitational backreaction, we show "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2307.10345","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2307.10345/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"fEDUDIL/3Ai0VFnoS6M5Y+TTKzGs2UVZ2yCe9wDIaTLKQQyAJGUnqG71gt+s8RF3SJJAOZp9Px/6gqURWFiKCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T03:31:16.346435Z"},"content_sha256":"46054bfad7b8cf4b8ff2e44e8ff0d72aad4140a88e1f626923f2113bd65ccd2d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:46054bfad7b8cf4b8ff2e44e8ff0d72aad4140a88e1f626923f2113bd65ccd2d"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AYNA2VU6IZUT/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AYNA2VU6IZUT/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AYNA2VU6IZUT/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-08T03:31:16Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AYNA2VU6IZUT","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AYNA2VU6IZUT/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AYNA2VU6IZUT/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AYNA2VU6IZUT/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2023:CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AYNA2VU6IZUT","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fc45bafd241bcb89b0ed83380138993ba55a4d2c3deb0e35bc2f194b1ea30e4d","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2023-07-19T17:01:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"987744a00d9454fa2d418ca0d677b86321fb202b59a887880bed6c1c155f1f73"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2307.10345","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2307.10345","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2307.10345v4","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2307.10345","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CI3SNFPF7FIM","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CI3SNFPF7FIMH5AY","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CI3SNFPF","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:46054bfad7b8cf4b8ff2e44e8ff0d72aad4140a88e1f626923f2113bd65ccd2d","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2307.10345/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We argue that the origin of unitarity violation and information loss paradox in our understanding of black holes (BH) lies in the standard way of doing quantum field theory in curved space-time (QFTCS), which is heavily biased on intuition borrowed from classical General Relativity. In this paper, with the quantum first approach, we formulate a so-called direct-sum QFT (DQFT) in BH space-time based on a novel formulation of discrete space-time transformations in gravity that potentially restores unitarity. By invoking the quantum effects associated with the gravitational backreaction, we show ","authors_text":"Jo\\~ao Marto, K. Sravan Kumar","cross_cats":["gr-qc"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2023-07-19T17:01:22Z","title":"Towards a unitary formulation of quantum field theory in curved space-time: the case of Schwarzschild black hole"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2307.10345","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:2c5ef99a6393f403e066bb6b34f87bc37c30765104f753d108cd582ff7db606a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"fc45bafd241bcb89b0ed83380138993ba55a4d2c3deb0e35bc2f194b1ea30e4d","cross_cats_sorted":["gr-qc"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"hep-th","submitted_at":"2023-07-19T17:01:22Z","title_canon_sha256":"987744a00d9454fa2d418ca0d677b86321fb202b59a887880bed6c1c155f1f73"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2307.10345","kind":"arxiv","version":4}},"canonical_sha256":"12372695e5f950c3f41868355a7919a4e12f05c96b00ca383576fe33dcd1fb45","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"12372695e5f950c3f41868355a7919a4e12f05c96b00ca383576fe33dcd1fb45","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07.974847Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07.974847Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"L94rSn2OyTxxMFR3OWi2HCSzm47tinDZhQdTklxfpRfshG096tH+Ow6EpCfghSxd1fyr/XLpN4Ovl6O69EilAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:52:07.975339Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2307.10345","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":4}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:2c5ef99a6393f403e066bb6b34f87bc37c30765104f753d108cd582ff7db606a","sha256:46054bfad7b8cf4b8ff2e44e8ff0d72aad4140a88e1f626923f2113bd65ccd2d"],"state_sha256":"5c5739de73ce6999f3cb9f921b1ae07a863e088915d708b44c17614f7d857fcd"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Fe3iP/cNDpAvL6RPOziDdqNZteODZjarGKGF8tlfHp2V8G3gozA+8/piagWxodjbvrVaOnZJbLUmIUIXGD1rBQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-08T03:31:16.351028Z","bundle_sha256":"dce6e64512f4e5925f640756834b3f064a8651112ed43c34a07a4dfc5123aae0"}}