{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2026:CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS","short_pith_number":"pith:CI4ZTW5H","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"123999dba7b280b1f74209102ef357a4a97f5cdf9235d618f2ecc18acfb8102b","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2608.08227","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Focus particles and scalar inferences across humans and language models","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.HC"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Catherine M. Brousse, Nelu D. Radpour","submitted_at":"2026-08-08T16:45:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Focus particles such as \"even\" and \"only\" are central to formal semantic theories that posit structured representations over sets of alternatives. \"Even\" highlights unexpected or extreme alternatives, while \"only\" enforces exclusivity. If such scalar representations are robust and generalizable, they should give rise to consistent judgments across contexts and systems. In this work, we test whether humans and large language models (LLMs) construct stable scalar representations from sentences containing these particles. Using a dataset of approximately 100 items, participants and models were as"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2608.08227","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2026-08-08T16:45:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.HC"],"title_canon_sha256":"a4f332df2a7ea3dde198999a243f0708f6a0bdce4328cb1dcb718d5ccdf7e68d","abstract_canon_sha256":"a98538a65c3239843fecc5c6e3fdc331ca42c07f58aaa20c036c04533c3be15e"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-08-11T01:22:04.030859Z","signature_b64":"aOYcqVfdIRWK3x8Hdo0CfK01Kp0x0oxeolzMeuYPNx7DB9dxYyWhZmdho5AiC0RgkMWQhSs07PtFE/69u2h1Dw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"123999dba7b280b1f74209102ef357a4a97f5cdf9235d618f2ecc18acfb8102b","last_reissued_at":"2026-08-11T01:22:04.028330Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-08-11T01:22:04.028330Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Focus particles and scalar inferences across humans and language models","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.HC"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Catherine M. Brousse, Nelu D. Radpour","submitted_at":"2026-08-08T16:45:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"Focus particles such as \"even\" and \"only\" are central to formal semantic theories that posit structured representations over sets of alternatives. \"Even\" highlights unexpected or extreme alternatives, while \"only\" enforces exclusivity. If such scalar representations are robust and generalizable, they should give rise to consistent judgments across contexts and systems. In this work, we test whether humans and large language models (LLMs) construct stable scalar representations from sentences containing these particles. Using a dataset of approximately 100 items, participants and models were as"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2608.08227","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2608.08227/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2608.08227","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:22:04.029175+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2608.08227v1","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:22:04.029175+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2608.08227","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:22:04.029175+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CI4ZTW5HWKAL","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:22:04.029175+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CI4ZTW5HWKALD52C","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:22:04.029175+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CI4ZTW5H","created_at":"2026-08-11T01:22:04.029175+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":0,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS","json":"https://pith.science/pith/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/CI4ZTW5H"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/CI4ZTW5H","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=2608.08227&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/CI4ZTW5HWKALD52CBEIC542XUS/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-08-11T01:22:04.029175+00:00","updated_at":"2026-08-11T01:22:04.029175+00:00"}