{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:CJWIV2AQJL66MOMLUW55LVQMLL","short_pith_number":"pith:CJWIV2AQ","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2205.15943","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2022-05-31T16:42:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3993f0a27f4ebd091c443b28757e9a8528b4e08b87ad1ebf8c8c2f3b982dac87","abstract_canon_sha256":"d09ab85048ebfb413c676ac38107ec6b8ae56eef270ea7a03af0dc252ddf10cd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"126c8ae8104afde6398ba5bbd5d60c5ac8159c1d275d3e56087711ed14785d03","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2205.15943","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2205.15943","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2205.15943v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2205.15943","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CJWIV2AQJL66","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CJWIV2AQJL66MOML","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CJWIV2AQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:CJWIV2AQJL66MOMLUW55LVQMLL","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2205.15943","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2022-05-31T16:42:52Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"3993f0a27f4ebd091c443b28757e9a8528b4e08b87ad1ebf8c8c2f3b982dac87","abstract_canon_sha256":"d09ab85048ebfb413c676ac38107ec6b8ae56eef270ea7a03af0dc252ddf10cd"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"126c8ae8104afde6398ba5bbd5d60c5ac8159c1d275d3e56087711ed14785d03","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04.149310Z","signature_b64":"Pt9Jj79Ji+1M4/LB3TsNZqFG+3FFlljzZkDMFpnvKhq9/t0xj3vHdx6jb2KdbrxoaAa1nFEWqAEsLmS9CvsgAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"126c8ae8104afde6398ba5bbd5d60c5ac8159c1d275d3e56087711ed14785d03","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04.148822Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04.148822Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2205.15943","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"6nT2nnVQo7TTtkMUZJ2KPAKy6gpDGgyPDVpgkOa460Y3O43gFjDJwc5cSTQMhOE24QL3YRDmp5wro92Z3SyaAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T18:40:42.452435Z"},"content_sha256":"387ae832195dd16bbf8d9fad9e9a79568522390b802ec3fef76c8a43fb742dbb","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:387ae832195dd16bbf8d9fad9e9a79568522390b802ec3fef76c8a43fb742dbb"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:CJWIV2AQJL66MOMLUW55LVQMLL","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Conspiracy Brokers: Understanding the Monetization of YouTube Conspiracy Theories","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CY","authors_text":"Cameron Ballard, Damon McCoy, Genesis Smothers, Ian Goldstein, Kejsi Take, Pulak Mehta, Rachel Greenstadt, Tobias Lauinger, Victoria Zhong","submitted_at":"2022-05-31T16:42:52Z","abstract_excerpt":"Conspiracy theories are increasingly a subject of research interest as society grapples with their rapid growth in areas such as politics or public health. Previous work has established YouTube as one of the most popular sites for people to host and discuss different theories. In this paper, we present an analysis of monetization methods of conspiracy theorist YouTube creators and the types of advertisers potentially targeting this content. We collect 184,218 ad impressions from 6,347 unique advertisers found on conspiracy-focused channels and mainstream YouTube content. We classify the ads in"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2205.15943","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2205.15943/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"usC2RdFADycfr2lKvHBuKuQiviieIYVVRdYEr9vVkg6yKHq2iS+KJN0netdajHt1rhu01cG0qGIR3nsovWRJBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T18:40:42.452811Z"},"content_sha256":"f50c7851d873a0c01973de80ee247d7d856ed155b13681ad8365f8771f28a04c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:f50c7851d873a0c01973de80ee247d7d856ed155b13681ad8365f8771f28a04c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CJWIV2AQJL66MOMLUW55LVQMLL/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CJWIV2AQJL66MOMLUW55LVQMLL/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CJWIV2AQJL66MOMLUW55LVQMLL/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-06T18:40:42Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/CJWIV2AQJL66MOMLUW55LVQMLL","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/CJWIV2AQJL66MOMLUW55LVQMLL/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/CJWIV2AQJL66MOMLUW55LVQMLL/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CJWIV2AQJL66MOMLUW55LVQMLL/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:CJWIV2AQJL66MOMLUW55LVQMLL","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d09ab85048ebfb413c676ac38107ec6b8ae56eef270ea7a03af0dc252ddf10cd","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2022-05-31T16:42:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"3993f0a27f4ebd091c443b28757e9a8528b4e08b87ad1ebf8c8c2f3b982dac87"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2205.15943","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2205.15943","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2205.15943v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2205.15943","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CJWIV2AQJL66","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CJWIV2AQJL66MOML","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CJWIV2AQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:f50c7851d873a0c01973de80ee247d7d856ed155b13681ad8365f8771f28a04c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2205.15943/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Conspiracy theories are increasingly a subject of research interest as society grapples with their rapid growth in areas such as politics or public health. Previous work has established YouTube as one of the most popular sites for people to host and discuss different theories. In this paper, we present an analysis of monetization methods of conspiracy theorist YouTube creators and the types of advertisers potentially targeting this content. We collect 184,218 ad impressions from 6,347 unique advertisers found on conspiracy-focused channels and mainstream YouTube content. We classify the ads in","authors_text":"Cameron Ballard, Damon McCoy, Genesis Smothers, Ian Goldstein, Kejsi Take, Pulak Mehta, Rachel Greenstadt, Tobias Lauinger, Victoria Zhong","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2022-05-31T16:42:52Z","title":"Conspiracy Brokers: Understanding the Monetization of YouTube Conspiracy Theories"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2205.15943","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:387ae832195dd16bbf8d9fad9e9a79568522390b802ec3fef76c8a43fb742dbb","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d09ab85048ebfb413c676ac38107ec6b8ae56eef270ea7a03af0dc252ddf10cd","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CY","submitted_at":"2022-05-31T16:42:52Z","title_canon_sha256":"3993f0a27f4ebd091c443b28757e9a8528b4e08b87ad1ebf8c8c2f3b982dac87"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2205.15943","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"126c8ae8104afde6398ba5bbd5d60c5ac8159c1d275d3e56087711ed14785d03","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"126c8ae8104afde6398ba5bbd5d60c5ac8159c1d275d3e56087711ed14785d03","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04.148822Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04.148822Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Pt9Jj79Ji+1M4/LB3TsNZqFG+3FFlljzZkDMFpnvKhq9/t0xj3vHdx6jb2KdbrxoaAa1nFEWqAEsLmS9CvsgAw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:28:04.149310Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2205.15943","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:387ae832195dd16bbf8d9fad9e9a79568522390b802ec3fef76c8a43fb742dbb","sha256:f50c7851d873a0c01973de80ee247d7d856ed155b13681ad8365f8771f28a04c"],"state_sha256":"1525995e47998447c136eff622509c8baa42109156ff743508266654dbf89f89"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"4JtyiZMde1lTMk5Cv6PNNIUtteYHbq3RP/g/poS4yy1uUbq0JWM/I5z8B3yLoDgi6a+HQYWnbTcS2QuEIlkCCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T18:40:42.454804Z","bundle_sha256":"55685a190a7ff754b382b958de65ee15baa72075758921511a5f1d200af4278a"}}