{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWOCNTXDTWLE4","short_pith_number":"pith:CKAS56RY","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2202.01864","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2022-02-03T21:49:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"3fa378639d5b8a057080463e49ef48a9e507b41840a50812572f3a2951d6dba5","abstract_canon_sha256":"13277783475ede739948693b288f9c9eb9d6b7d2c2972aba0590d0ce19b67f48"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"12812efa38c261a6bece136771cecb272dc9cf9dd240a6ec9a11d5a409f08ec1","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2202.01864","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2202.01864","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2202.01864v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2202.01864","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CKAS56RYYJQ2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWO","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CKAS56RY","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWOCNTXDTWLE4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2202.01864","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2022-02-03T21:49:04Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"title_canon_sha256":"3fa378639d5b8a057080463e49ef48a9e507b41840a50812572f3a2951d6dba5","abstract_canon_sha256":"13277783475ede739948693b288f9c9eb9d6b7d2c2972aba0590d0ce19b67f48"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"12812efa38c261a6bece136771cecb272dc9cf9dd240a6ec9a11d5a409f08ec1","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58.839358Z","signature_b64":"lNXyheiBIIFub5QgrzlI5gzaPA9a11GjEyRutYlBZN5mIMJ+cAC5qBCmhlITgkqax8b8incJcA5RhSWFWMU5DA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"12812efa38c261a6bece136771cecb272dc9cf9dd240a6ec9a11d5a409f08ec1","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58.838951Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58.838951Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2202.01864","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"f8M2PDIQWIojw+JXjGjJeZmYLIGZtWdYxs+jyDe3HuszT+Wxz4g7ySh1p+dWKo9QaE77YOWEG0bJ/kuerFcuDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T17:19:31.734723Z"},"content_sha256":"75423998b700d993660686e6e40d8620cfc595a406e1a947e2ed78969c58725f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:75423998b700d993660686e6e40d8620cfc595a406e1a947e2ed78969c58725f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWOCNTXDTWLE4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Exploiting Independent Instruments: Identification and Distribution Generalization","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"primary_cat":"stat.ML","authors_text":"Jonas Peters, Leonard Henckel, Niklas Pfister, Sorawit Saengkyongam","submitted_at":"2022-02-03T21:49:04Z","abstract_excerpt":"Instrumental variable models allow us to identify a causal function between covariates $X$ and a response $Y$, even in the presence of unobserved confounding. Most of the existing estimators assume that the error term in the response $Y$ and the hidden confounders are uncorrelated with the instruments $Z$. This is often motivated by a graphical separation, an argument that also justifies independence. Positing an independence restriction, however, leads to strictly stronger identifiability results. We connect to the existing literature in econometrics and provide a practical method called HSIC"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2202.01864","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2202.01864/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Mr2L32QlTDrlhkP4Cil46nLtmedQdDeoj/rSb/0Zzq3yeR1BgfKgmDigSqcKxznnZo7JZM65rILWNNsh/DwhDQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T17:19:31.735103Z"},"content_sha256":"c7827f686e4771d2f38b347f4cb37549e58ae033d0cb4a32ef67bb5254879526","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c7827f686e4771d2f38b347f4cb37549e58ae033d0cb4a32ef67bb5254879526"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWOCNTXDTWLE4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWOCNTXDTWLE4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWOCNTXDTWLE4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-07-06T17:19:31Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWOCNTXDTWLE4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWOCNTXDTWLE4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWOCNTXDTWLE4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWOCNTXDTWLE4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWOCNTXDTWLE4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"13277783475ede739948693b288f9c9eb9d6b7d2c2972aba0590d0ce19b67f48","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2022-02-03T21:49:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"3fa378639d5b8a057080463e49ef48a9e507b41840a50812572f3a2951d6dba5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2202.01864","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2202.01864","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2202.01864v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2202.01864","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CKAS56RYYJQ2","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CKAS56RYYJQ2NPWO","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CKAS56RY","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c7827f686e4771d2f38b347f4cb37549e58ae033d0cb4a32ef67bb5254879526","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2202.01864/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Instrumental variable models allow us to identify a causal function between covariates $X$ and a response $Y$, even in the presence of unobserved confounding. Most of the existing estimators assume that the error term in the response $Y$ and the hidden confounders are uncorrelated with the instruments $Z$. This is often motivated by a graphical separation, an argument that also justifies independence. Positing an independence restriction, however, leads to strictly stronger identifiability results. We connect to the existing literature in econometrics and provide a practical method called HSIC","authors_text":"Jonas Peters, Leonard Henckel, Niklas Pfister, Sorawit Saengkyongam","cross_cats":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2022-02-03T21:49:04Z","title":"Exploiting Independent Instruments: Identification and Distribution Generalization"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2202.01864","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:75423998b700d993660686e6e40d8620cfc595a406e1a947e2ed78969c58725f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"13277783475ede739948693b288f9c9eb9d6b7d2c2972aba0590d0ce19b67f48","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.LG","stat.ME"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"stat.ML","submitted_at":"2022-02-03T21:49:04Z","title_canon_sha256":"3fa378639d5b8a057080463e49ef48a9e507b41840a50812572f3a2951d6dba5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2202.01864","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"12812efa38c261a6bece136771cecb272dc9cf9dd240a6ec9a11d5a409f08ec1","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"12812efa38c261a6bece136771cecb272dc9cf9dd240a6ec9a11d5a409f08ec1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58.838951Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58.838951Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"lNXyheiBIIFub5QgrzlI5gzaPA9a11GjEyRutYlBZN5mIMJ+cAC5qBCmhlITgkqax8b8incJcA5RhSWFWMU5DA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:59:58.839358Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2202.01864","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:75423998b700d993660686e6e40d8620cfc595a406e1a947e2ed78969c58725f","sha256:c7827f686e4771d2f38b347f4cb37549e58ae033d0cb4a32ef67bb5254879526"],"state_sha256":"70f6b51a13e041a8d21d3b85854b59e2472783acc5a00f756634e91036328c01"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UlbBvE4MWx486gUQzuUaWGKT7N7I9p2DzP/sZdoHy3m25CCmav53d6pyjUySaCdKwFuj6VAyQsk7Gawl+PqfAg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-07-06T17:19:31.737191Z","bundle_sha256":"823bfc391b7c0ca777f08875415bcda2c9ba6be7371ee610271d53001e5fbfb5"}}