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The recent detection of warm H$_2$O vapor emission from the outflows of carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars challenges the current understanding of circumstellar chemistry. Two mechanisms have been invoked to explain warm H$_2$O vapor formation. In the first, periodic shocks passing through the medium immediately above the stellar surface lead to H$_2$O formation. In the second, penetration of ultraviolet interstellar radiation through a clumpy circumstellar medium leads to the formation of H$_2$O molecules in the intermediate wind.\n  Aims. 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Vandenbussche, C. Waelkens, D. Neufeld, E. Gonz\\'alez-Alfonso, F. Kerschbaum, J.A.D.L. Blommaert, J. Cernicharo, J. De Ridder, L. Decin, M. Ag\\'undez, M.A.T. Groenewegen, N.L.J. Cox, P. Royer, R. Lombaert, T. Khouri","submitted_at":"2016-01-26T13:28:27Z","abstract_excerpt":"Context. The recent detection of warm H$_2$O vapor emission from the outflows of carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars challenges the current understanding of circumstellar chemistry. Two mechanisms have been invoked to explain warm H$_2$O vapor formation. In the first, periodic shocks passing through the medium immediately above the stellar surface lead to H$_2$O formation. In the second, penetration of ultraviolet interstellar radiation through a clumpy circumstellar medium leads to the formation of H$_2$O molecules in the intermediate wind.\n  Aims. 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