{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3WYPGLIMGW4","short_pith_number":"pith:CSFXXTJM","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2010.12252","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-10-23T09:31:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"ee5bd34f44afcbb88f9afea49f63dfc6f7d20979c5d9c7b923eba0e0ca014d6a","abstract_canon_sha256":"c420ed69e33f181640d93acc51a5a377cbbf951e2fb0acbf228d84f293b27e64"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"148b7bcd2cb8c84e55fbb61e65a186b723e576a25d0ad8fe71ad38bcd6be275c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2010.12252","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2010.12252","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2010.12252v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2010.12252","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CSFXXTJMXDEE","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CSFXXTJM","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3WYPGLIMGW4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2010.12252","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-10-23T09:31:15Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"ee5bd34f44afcbb88f9afea49f63dfc6f7d20979c5d9c7b923eba0e0ca014d6a","abstract_canon_sha256":"c420ed69e33f181640d93acc51a5a377cbbf951e2fb0acbf228d84f293b27e64"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"148b7bcd2cb8c84e55fbb61e65a186b723e576a25d0ad8fe71ad38bcd6be275c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55.377408Z","signature_b64":"dPy71GFEC1DfR1sGzFKTcbLgzlbGbxDbnhNq0vxZm9hete2x47y4cYAhLpwxZQ3a4L6L1mUJ9WmhqkldriIWCg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"148b7bcd2cb8c84e55fbb61e65a186b723e576a25d0ad8fe71ad38bcd6be275c","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55.376943Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55.376943Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2010.12252","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"JHyceoLCMqiS7iLfuaw6Pc+oKCU0IH3CRDKx8RHFk/Yd8StHl3sNLlVjB6mgCC6lRHhQ5OS4c5PVNUJBhmiTAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T19:45:20.621092Z"},"content_sha256":"08612362c349ff166dde30c75f5123d67da53b0d0c6cf67ce937f2a6ac9c3bc4","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:08612362c349ff166dde30c75f5123d67da53b0d0c6cf67ce937f2a6ac9c3bc4"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3WYPGLIMGW4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Towards A First Step to Understand Flash Loan and Its Applications in DeFi Ecosystem","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Dabao Wang, Haoyu Wang, Kui Ren, Lei Wu, Siwei Wu, Xingliang Yuan, Yajin Zhou, Ziling Lin","submitted_at":"2020-10-23T09:31:15Z","abstract_excerpt":"Flash Loan, as an emerging service in the decentralized finance ecosystem, allows users to request a non-collateral loan. While providing convenience, it also enables attackers to launch malicious operations with a large amount of asset that they do not have. Though there exist spot media reports of attacks that leverage Flash Loan, there lacks a comprehensive understanding of existing Flash Loan services. In this work, we take the first step to study the Flash Loan service provided by three popular platforms. Specifically, we first illustrate the interactions between Flash Loan providers and "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2010.12252","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2010.12252/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"QVrr8PqR1Y3ClgjglIPE5q+Q9ZL9WQ139c9nH/bhBnD4BtcCBljg9uOLn3JaGL8pn8Nl6ZvsysjrZlJtmGa1Aw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T19:45:20.621657Z"},"content_sha256":"e5e7f7556cdb9280e747224761d8431ad764c18d57761f4a23133f4220649741","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:e5e7f7556cdb9280e747224761d8431ad764c18d57761f4a23133f4220649741"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3WYPGLIMGW4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3WYPGLIMGW4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3WYPGLIMGW4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-03T19:45:20Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3WYPGLIMGW4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3WYPGLIMGW4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3WYPGLIMGW4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3WYPGLIMGW4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3WYPGLIMGW4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c420ed69e33f181640d93acc51a5a377cbbf951e2fb0acbf228d84f293b27e64","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-10-23T09:31:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"ee5bd34f44afcbb88f9afea49f63dfc6f7d20979c5d9c7b923eba0e0ca014d6a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2010.12252","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2010.12252","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2010.12252v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2010.12252","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CSFXXTJMXDEE","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CSFXXTJMXDEE4VP3","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CSFXXTJM","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:e5e7f7556cdb9280e747224761d8431ad764c18d57761f4a23133f4220649741","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2010.12252/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Flash Loan, as an emerging service in the decentralized finance ecosystem, allows users to request a non-collateral loan. While providing convenience, it also enables attackers to launch malicious operations with a large amount of asset that they do not have. Though there exist spot media reports of attacks that leverage Flash Loan, there lacks a comprehensive understanding of existing Flash Loan services. In this work, we take the first step to study the Flash Loan service provided by three popular platforms. Specifically, we first illustrate the interactions between Flash Loan providers and ","authors_text":"Dabao Wang, Haoyu Wang, Kui Ren, Lei Wu, Siwei Wu, Xingliang Yuan, Yajin Zhou, Ziling Lin","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-10-23T09:31:15Z","title":"Towards A First Step to Understand Flash Loan and Its Applications in DeFi Ecosystem"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2010.12252","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:08612362c349ff166dde30c75f5123d67da53b0d0c6cf67ce937f2a6ac9c3bc4","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c420ed69e33f181640d93acc51a5a377cbbf951e2fb0acbf228d84f293b27e64","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2020-10-23T09:31:15Z","title_canon_sha256":"ee5bd34f44afcbb88f9afea49f63dfc6f7d20979c5d9c7b923eba0e0ca014d6a"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2010.12252","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"148b7bcd2cb8c84e55fbb61e65a186b723e576a25d0ad8fe71ad38bcd6be275c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"148b7bcd2cb8c84e55fbb61e65a186b723e576a25d0ad8fe71ad38bcd6be275c","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55.376943Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55.376943Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"dPy71GFEC1DfR1sGzFKTcbLgzlbGbxDbnhNq0vxZm9hete2x47y4cYAhLpwxZQ3a4L6L1mUJ9WmhqkldriIWCg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:33:55.377408Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2010.12252","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:08612362c349ff166dde30c75f5123d67da53b0d0c6cf67ce937f2a6ac9c3bc4","sha256:e5e7f7556cdb9280e747224761d8431ad764c18d57761f4a23133f4220649741"],"state_sha256":"f931feaeb22dad4083e3a6eec5861c3d11f8dcdfe59ad81bf3a072a6b1f589f0"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"PtAe8iznPUaIJfYCauw7eX81jxNOAaIGIp5c/6ALjh8T1oLMfc7zRfFbFCSUc5aqsYkdyUKIWo9zrfgr4vREBw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-03T19:45:20.625836Z","bundle_sha256":"0c6d23f6a6be479e023af208ebab1128c674c2410befc5837290c74a8eafdc5b"}}