{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQRL7H6MAO3K3","short_pith_number":"pith:CVNIJMVD","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2210.12214","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SD","submitted_at":"2022-10-21T19:42:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","eess.AS"],"title_canon_sha256":"ae149d8ac304ccba8a418ec9a5de8f5146c4d862a78b59f59ee9dc33f5ddd153","abstract_canon_sha256":"c69826c92bc145a67f29b6ad17a41a05541acee18cc6a63deffa47a1c7721389"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"155a84b2a3bc3d105e115fcfe601db56c0b723621f1f715c8ae434ad1750bc54","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2210.12214","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2210.12214","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2210.12214v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2210.12214","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CVNIJMVDXQ6R","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQR","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CVNIJMVD","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQRL7H6MAO3K3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2210.12214","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SD","submitted_at":"2022-10-21T19:42:41Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","eess.AS"],"title_canon_sha256":"ae149d8ac304ccba8a418ec9a5de8f5146c4d862a78b59f59ee9dc33f5ddd153","abstract_canon_sha256":"c69826c92bc145a67f29b6ad17a41a05541acee18cc6a63deffa47a1c7721389"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"155a84b2a3bc3d105e115fcfe601db56c0b723621f1f715c8ae434ad1750bc54","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25.152378Z","signature_b64":"pmsVMhODb0Q4SgLigUzVTgWMfq0hkyIv06skkCxPzNyjQSuxafPV3hvbJS13/454KnmjHw/H6sGFNBoOKH1FBA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"155a84b2a3bc3d105e115fcfe601db56c0b723621f1f715c8ae434ad1750bc54","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25.151865Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25.151865Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2210.12214","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"MGU8Qzf1u4p/mHRLaXCYA8ZJ1vVQtOztlZNVMkk9X/DyLnz76EjSZeL0T/izhRHF7iOABCXjJ+Nn1rByc5i5Bg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T01:22:37.107943Z"},"content_sha256":"20960b9336bafbcfc64497aa05ee38396bf49a7d0102ade0bea3c140e64522d2","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:20960b9336bafbcfc64497aa05ee38396bf49a7d0102ade0bea3c140e64522d2"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQRL7H6MAO3K3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Optimizing Bilingual Neural Transducer with Synthetic Code-switching Text Generation","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CL","eess.AS"],"primary_cat":"cs.SD","authors_text":"Arnab Ghoshal, Bharat Ram Ambati, Dogan Can, Erik McDermott, Henry Mason, Honza Silovsky, Liuhui Deng, Lyan Verwimp, Mathieu Martel, Matthew Radzihovsky, Mohamed Ali, Nathalie Tran, Pawel Swietojanski, Roger Hsiao, Sibel Oyman, Stefan Braun, Thiago Fraga da Silva, Thien Nguyen, Tresi Arvizo","submitted_at":"2022-10-21T19:42:41Z","abstract_excerpt":"Code-switching describes the practice of using more than one language in the same sentence. In this study, we investigate how to optimize a neural transducer based bilingual automatic speech recognition (ASR) model for code-switching speech. Focusing on the scenario where the ASR model is trained without supervised code-switching data, we found that semi-supervised training and synthetic code-switched data can improve the bilingual ASR system on code-switching speech. We analyze how each of the neural transducer's encoders contributes towards code-switching performance by measuring encoder-spe"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2210.12214","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2210.12214/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"S0dqX9FxKijP3EHN4cGyaieC6Cx+0SCp4egNIJh6XDubk16HH+Jk1LjQR8fQWfCAnNfza2i1ihuL1tMebAL4BQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T01:22:37.108496Z"},"content_sha256":"b96d251401f7fa4c8c22fb7726141d9503a9e32ad3ac95254c76e2cecb13825e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b96d251401f7fa4c8c22fb7726141d9503a9e32ad3ac95254c76e2cecb13825e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQRL7H6MAO3K3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQRL7H6MAO3K3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQRL7H6MAO3K3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-07T01:22:37Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQRL7H6MAO3K3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQRL7H6MAO3K3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQRL7H6MAO3K3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQRL7H6MAO3K3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQRL7H6MAO3K3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c69826c92bc145a67f29b6ad17a41a05541acee18cc6a63deffa47a1c7721389","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","eess.AS"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SD","submitted_at":"2022-10-21T19:42:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"ae149d8ac304ccba8a418ec9a5de8f5146c4d862a78b59f59ee9dc33f5ddd153"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2210.12214","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2210.12214","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2210.12214v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2210.12214","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CVNIJMVDXQ6R","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CVNIJMVDXQ6RAXQR","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CVNIJMVD","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b96d251401f7fa4c8c22fb7726141d9503a9e32ad3ac95254c76e2cecb13825e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2210.12214/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Code-switching describes the practice of using more than one language in the same sentence. In this study, we investigate how to optimize a neural transducer based bilingual automatic speech recognition (ASR) model for code-switching speech. Focusing on the scenario where the ASR model is trained without supervised code-switching data, we found that semi-supervised training and synthetic code-switched data can improve the bilingual ASR system on code-switching speech. We analyze how each of the neural transducer's encoders contributes towards code-switching performance by measuring encoder-spe","authors_text":"Arnab Ghoshal, Bharat Ram Ambati, Dogan Can, Erik McDermott, Henry Mason, Honza Silovsky, Liuhui Deng, Lyan Verwimp, Mathieu Martel, Matthew Radzihovsky, Mohamed Ali, Nathalie Tran, Pawel Swietojanski, Roger Hsiao, Sibel Oyman, Stefan Braun, Thiago Fraga da Silva, Thien Nguyen, Tresi Arvizo","cross_cats":["cs.CL","eess.AS"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SD","submitted_at":"2022-10-21T19:42:41Z","title":"Optimizing Bilingual Neural Transducer with Synthetic Code-switching Text Generation"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2210.12214","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:20960b9336bafbcfc64497aa05ee38396bf49a7d0102ade0bea3c140e64522d2","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"c69826c92bc145a67f29b6ad17a41a05541acee18cc6a63deffa47a1c7721389","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.CL","eess.AS"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.SD","submitted_at":"2022-10-21T19:42:41Z","title_canon_sha256":"ae149d8ac304ccba8a418ec9a5de8f5146c4d862a78b59f59ee9dc33f5ddd153"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2210.12214","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"155a84b2a3bc3d105e115fcfe601db56c0b723621f1f715c8ae434ad1750bc54","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"155a84b2a3bc3d105e115fcfe601db56c0b723621f1f715c8ae434ad1750bc54","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25.151865Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25.151865Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"pmsVMhODb0Q4SgLigUzVTgWMfq0hkyIv06skkCxPzNyjQSuxafPV3hvbJS13/454KnmjHw/H6sGFNBoOKH1FBA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T05:09:25.152378Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2210.12214","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:20960b9336bafbcfc64497aa05ee38396bf49a7d0102ade0bea3c140e64522d2","sha256:b96d251401f7fa4c8c22fb7726141d9503a9e32ad3ac95254c76e2cecb13825e"],"state_sha256":"c0925b96a329e7365836345223275b323f8cc1ce92335f77bb6d77dd87a6df0e"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"bdlVAALh4UxZA4qw8kTZl+dmzVa545XsU6bmVzJx1m/B7BL7h/RJNmhmpksHFdXyObuDBp7t32z7PuHq7OEQDQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-07T01:22:37.112858Z","bundle_sha256":"2e505c013d2e2bc6294b822a97b9591cbd62b09d1d633a4ac844c3ed4b0b7edc"}}