{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ4TLT5YKRA4","short_pith_number":"pith:CXWQPTRB","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.00018","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2016-02-20T10:46:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"902fed7fa8e33ee94ee542f244e023e11e6dd317be3fe05119a5898394d873d7","abstract_canon_sha256":"786d48e4495dac2f134215030b353d4169a913e697c1232507aaacd71649daae"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"15ed07ce219fd0bde250e4d73ee151073599bad587ce52b8fdf6dea6c030b791","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1609.00018","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.00018","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.00018v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.00018","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CXWQPTRBT7IL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CXWQPTRB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ4TLT5YKRA4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.00018","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2016-02-20T10:46:48Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"902fed7fa8e33ee94ee542f244e023e11e6dd317be3fe05119a5898394d873d7","abstract_canon_sha256":"786d48e4495dac2f134215030b353d4169a913e697c1232507aaacd71649daae"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"15ed07ce219fd0bde250e4d73ee151073599bad587ce52b8fdf6dea6c030b791","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28.224040Z","signature_b64":"r7pnL/ACCuphirt70WVJrORPry6TSt8B7LU8wXZPF5lqEOB7YcHl8queImL/uIoMBgpnVHJVnTLnWHYsq0SZBw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"15ed07ce219fd0bde250e4d73ee151073599bad587ce52b8fdf6dea6c030b791","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28.223561Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28.223561Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1609.00018","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jtfbcSDqPbfiVKZY1tcn9UPkFg0Q/TyZ7PkS8QCuM6l7fmIUVZHLHHShvcOxHTD6aApbgdvoIp93QNKiObcFDA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T12:42:15.994530Z"},"content_sha256":"134afd57f14912017796e76170fa3542ed47cff3069f894b0f7c181e4134c3b3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:134afd57f14912017796e76170fa3542ed47cff3069f894b0f7c181e4134c3b3"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ4TLT5YKRA4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Can Free-Response Questions Be Approximated by Multiple-Choice Equivalents?","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","authors_text":"Chandralekha Singh, Shih-Yin Lin","submitted_at":"2016-02-20T10:46:48Z","abstract_excerpt":"We discuss a study to evaluate the extent to which free-response questions can be approximated by multiple-choice equivalents. Two carefully designed research-based multiple-choice questions were transformed into a free-response format and administered on the final exam in a calculus-based introductory physics course. The original multiple-choice questions were administered in another, similar introductory physics course on the final exam. Our findings suggest that carefully designed multiple-choice questions can reflect the relative performance on the free-response questions while maintaining"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.00018","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"zolDgt9cYe1inslsJyUdLqXYdPQUTk/dsGcCEMfpdGVHjl3HDGEGXgngcJuic12dviPKe5VJlJyapLw5VvEqAA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T12:42:15.994901Z"},"content_sha256":"149f452bdb9918684a412608c909177011699a1a634a9fcc4978025fabca201e","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:149f452bdb9918684a412608c909177011699a1a634a9fcc4978025fabca201e"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ4TLT5YKRA4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ4TLT5YKRA4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ4TLT5YKRA4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-01T12:42:15Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ4TLT5YKRA4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ4TLT5YKRA4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ4TLT5YKRA4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ4TLT5YKRA4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ4TLT5YKRA4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"786d48e4495dac2f134215030b353d4169a913e697c1232507aaacd71649daae","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2016-02-20T10:46:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"902fed7fa8e33ee94ee542f244e023e11e6dd317be3fe05119a5898394d873d7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.00018","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.00018","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.00018v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.00018","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"CXWQPTRBT7IL","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"CXWQPTRBT7IL3YSQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"CXWQPTRB","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:09Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:149f452bdb9918684a412608c909177011699a1a634a9fcc4978025fabca201e","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We discuss a study to evaluate the extent to which free-response questions can be approximated by multiple-choice equivalents. Two carefully designed research-based multiple-choice questions were transformed into a free-response format and administered on the final exam in a calculus-based introductory physics course. The original multiple-choice questions were administered in another, similar introductory physics course on the final exam. Our findings suggest that carefully designed multiple-choice questions can reflect the relative performance on the free-response questions while maintaining","authors_text":"Chandralekha Singh, Shih-Yin Lin","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2016-02-20T10:46:48Z","title":"Can Free-Response Questions Be Approximated by Multiple-Choice Equivalents?"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.00018","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:134afd57f14912017796e76170fa3542ed47cff3069f894b0f7c181e4134c3b3","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"786d48e4495dac2f134215030b353d4169a913e697c1232507aaacd71649daae","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.ed-ph","submitted_at":"2016-02-20T10:46:48Z","title_canon_sha256":"902fed7fa8e33ee94ee542f244e023e11e6dd317be3fe05119a5898394d873d7"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.00018","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"15ed07ce219fd0bde250e4d73ee151073599bad587ce52b8fdf6dea6c030b791","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"15ed07ce219fd0bde250e4d73ee151073599bad587ce52b8fdf6dea6c030b791","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28.223561Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28.223561Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"r7pnL/ACCuphirt70WVJrORPry6TSt8B7LU8wXZPF5lqEOB7YcHl8queImL/uIoMBgpnVHJVnTLnWHYsq0SZBw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:06:28.224040Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1609.00018","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:134afd57f14912017796e76170fa3542ed47cff3069f894b0f7c181e4134c3b3","sha256:149f452bdb9918684a412608c909177011699a1a634a9fcc4978025fabca201e"],"state_sha256":"8253a5f917708351683af4b61c14620bc74acf08ccdc509c7035b5668351b4aa"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jdZmFyDeJPyNIu3S+HRgps+C7ki3aQ5ZWcAFYG3EC/FgUne00X5/r1nsG8O7u32JO0TkYwSzAd8iYZP4h4PVCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-01T12:42:15.996926Z","bundle_sha256":"907f179a4460dae7e2b2ed29e5de07b0e1683377bf742042eb6bb9a8adfe133b"}}