{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQVK6L6BAY35D","short_pith_number":"pith:D2QLBJJD","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.12660","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2026-05-12T19:06:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.mtrl-sci"],"title_canon_sha256":"2cc86440f8d9ad87b091607e400236370c828bd40b60a5ff8244c414dbadcbf6","abstract_canon_sha256":"e3f867b1a976b27337219082002aa85300ce15a32c4a619c67715d51d474a495"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1ea0b0a523a328d122155797e0831be8d0d381b42d2235fb23ec27a92426567c","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2605.12660","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.12660","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.12660v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.12660","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"D2QLBJJDUMUN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"D2QLBJJD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQVK6L6BAY35D","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2605.12660","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2026-05-12T19:06:50Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.mtrl-sci"],"title_canon_sha256":"2cc86440f8d9ad87b091607e400236370c828bd40b60a5ff8244c414dbadcbf6","abstract_canon_sha256":"e3f867b1a976b27337219082002aa85300ce15a32c4a619c67715d51d474a495"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1ea0b0a523a328d122155797e0831be8d0d381b42d2235fb23ec27a92426567c","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50.531340Z","signature_b64":"jUPGE4Qtn1R8KVbwCmZRRvgZUNmDDuoG/+YE+Qu5vo1MOZNpvXxDZUg3ADynrcw7axt5ev876LPCRu3PrBQ2Aw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"1ea0b0a523a328d122155797e0831be8d0d381b42d2235fb23ec27a92426567c","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50.530484Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50.530484Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2605.12660","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"XUxSK5cr8R4Sbr5Zc/4hk7ZJyrKuVjdk2KBWjAKsS0pnvcissGfaKgBUk3gNi+OaBtFhSs9B08ShgGYKCYTOCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T07:49:07.110164Z"},"content_sha256":"b425920ec68f932b194e5385371070cba9c8f58ee9b59bde529f7d39e3e1ae9c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b425920ec68f932b194e5385371070cba9c8f58ee9b59bde529f7d39e3e1ae9c"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2026:D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQVK6L6BAY35D","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Direct-write electrochemical nanofabrication of ultrasmall graphene devices","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"Electrochemical AFM lithography fabricates sub-10 nm graphene nanoribbon FETs without electrodes.","cross_cats":["cond-mat.mtrl-sci"],"primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","authors_text":"Colm Durkan, Xiao Liu","submitted_at":"2026-05-12T19:06:50Z","abstract_excerpt":"Graphene nano-ribbons, GNRs, are promising channel materials for next-generation ultra-miniaturised devices due to their exceptional electrical and thermal properties which arise from their atomic thickness, as well as their ability to have a size-dependent band-gap [1-9]. However, despite extensive efforts to reliably fabricate narrow GNR-based field-effect transistors [10-12], their integration into conventional transistor technologies remains hindered by challenges such as high fabrication costs and complex processing requirements [13, 14]. In this study, we present a direct-write, relative"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"we present a direct-write, relatively low-cost and robust approach for fabricating sub-10 nm GNR-based FETs using electrochemical atomic force microscopy lithography with an alternating current (AC) bias, obviating the need for electrodes.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The assumption that the electrochemical process with AC bias can reliably produce functional sub-10 nm GNR FETs with the claimed low defect density and high resolution without the need for electrodes, as no specific performance data is detailed in the abstract.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Direct electrochemical AFM lithography fabricates sub-10 nm GNR FETs electrode-free with high resolution and low defects.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Electrochemical AFM lithography fabricates sub-10 nm graphene nanoribbon FETs without electrodes.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"c26b89d110b1a2527a8f88a902f5c448bcbe4a8e875777a72ad83c6853d838fe"},"source":{"id":"2605.12660","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"8ce130c1-2f4c-432b-9dd6-4b64767e407d","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-14T20:02:29.467140Z","strongest_claim":"we present a direct-write, relatively low-cost and robust approach for fabricating sub-10 nm GNR-based FETs using electrochemical atomic force microscopy lithography with an alternating current (AC) bias, obviating the need for electrodes.","one_line_summary":"Direct electrochemical AFM lithography fabricates sub-10 nm GNR FETs electrode-free with high resolution and low defects.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The assumption that the electrochemical process with AC bias can reliably produce functional sub-10 nm GNR FETs with the claimed low defect density and high resolution without the need for electrodes, as no specific performance data is detailed in the abstract.","pith_extraction_headline":"Electrochemical AFM lithography fabricates sub-10 nm graphene nanoribbon FETs without electrodes."},"references":{"count":2,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2011,"title":"International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS)","work_id":"5a2e6baa-e0bb-4911-b2d0-ed00188d0ecf","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2012,"title":"#(%&\"#)[%)(*&%)","work_id":"f001eb92-4945-452e-9b33-fa9c7183abda","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":2,"snapshot_sha256":"58e7f4d85e0d400a774939e80f70b2aa02a7baffcd7b7694481d4d69a8175630","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"57538b18cc0fb9f538751893afec6e81da06d8cc9cc1fc8d1bbae5373bc13021"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":"8ce130c1-2f4c-432b-9dd6-4b64767e407d"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"A+OdCI+s7b1300v/zmKUHUXyaaT0hqbptzi88Pc2MFj+9VpL9qhw0kU2U1aKJPCfmsgZXElnLzLsIdO1jyxvBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T07:49:07.111044Z"},"content_sha256":"b9029ddf6354563f354da1f5736fc9cadb67e0611ace526a7e6708d0fe390108","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b9029ddf6354563f354da1f5736fc9cadb67e0611ace526a7e6708d0fe390108"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQVK6L6BAY35D/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQVK6L6BAY35D/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQVK6L6BAY35D/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-19T07:49:07Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQVK6L6BAY35D","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQVK6L6BAY35D/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQVK6L6BAY35D/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQVK6L6BAY35D/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2026:D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQVK6L6BAY35D","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e3f867b1a976b27337219082002aa85300ce15a32c4a619c67715d51d474a495","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.mtrl-sci"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2026-05-12T19:06:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"2cc86440f8d9ad87b091607e400236370c828bd40b60a5ff8244c414dbadcbf6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.12660","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2605.12660","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2605.12660v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2605.12660","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"D2QLBJJDUMUN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"D2QLBJJDUMUNCIQV","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"D2QLBJJD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:33:37Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:b9029ddf6354563f354da1f5736fc9cadb67e0611ace526a7e6708d0fe390108","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C1","kind":"strongest_claim","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","text":"we present a direct-write, relatively low-cost and robust approach for fabricating sub-10 nm GNR-based FETs using electrochemical atomic force microscopy lithography with an alternating current (AC) bias, obviating the need for electrodes."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C2","kind":"weakest_assumption","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","text":"The assumption that the electrochemical process with AC bias can reliably produce functional sub-10 nm GNR FETs with the claimed low defect density and high resolution without the need for electrodes, as no specific performance data is detailed in the abstract."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C3","kind":"one_line_summary","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Direct electrochemical AFM lithography fabricates sub-10 nm GNR FETs electrode-free with high resolution and low defects."},{"attestation":"unclaimed","claim_id":"C4","kind":"headline","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","text":"Electrochemical AFM lithography fabricates sub-10 nm graphene nanoribbon FETs without electrodes."}],"snapshot_sha256":"c26b89d110b1a2527a8f88a902f5c448bcbe4a8e875777a72ad83c6853d838fe"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"57538b18cc0fb9f538751893afec6e81da06d8cc9cc1fc8d1bbae5373bc13021"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Graphene nano-ribbons, GNRs, are promising channel materials for next-generation ultra-miniaturised devices due to their exceptional electrical and thermal properties which arise from their atomic thickness, as well as their ability to have a size-dependent band-gap [1-9]. However, despite extensive efforts to reliably fabricate narrow GNR-based field-effect transistors [10-12], their integration into conventional transistor technologies remains hindered by challenges such as high fabrication costs and complex processing requirements [13, 14]. In this study, we present a direct-write, relative","authors_text":"Colm Durkan, Xiao Liu","cross_cats":["cond-mat.mtrl-sci"],"headline":"Electrochemical AFM lithography fabricates sub-10 nm graphene nanoribbon FETs without electrodes.","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2026-05-12T19:06:50Z","title":"Direct-write electrochemical nanofabrication of ultrasmall graphene devices"},"references":{"count":2,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":2,"sample":[{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":1,"title":"International Roadmap for Devices and Systems (IRDS)","work_id":"5a2e6baa-e0bb-4911-b2d0-ed00188d0ecf","year":2011},{"cited_arxiv_id":"","doi":"","is_internal_anchor":false,"ref_index":2,"title":"#(%&\"#)[%)(*&%)","work_id":"f001eb92-4945-452e-9b33-fa9c7183abda","year":2012}],"snapshot_sha256":"58e7f4d85e0d400a774939e80f70b2aa02a7baffcd7b7694481d4d69a8175630"},"source":{"id":"2605.12660","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":"2026-05-14T20:02:29.467140Z","id":"8ce130c1-2f4c-432b-9dd6-4b64767e407d","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"one_line_summary":"Direct electrochemical AFM lithography fabricates sub-10 nm GNR FETs electrode-free with high resolution and low defects.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","pith_extraction_headline":"Electrochemical AFM lithography fabricates sub-10 nm graphene nanoribbon FETs without electrodes.","strongest_claim":"we present a direct-write, relatively low-cost and robust approach for fabricating sub-10 nm GNR-based FETs using electrochemical atomic force microscopy lithography with an alternating current (AC) bias, obviating the need for electrodes.","weakest_assumption":"The assumption that the electrochemical process with AC bias can reliably produce functional sub-10 nm GNR FETs with the claimed low defect density and high resolution without the need for electrodes, as no specific performance data is detailed in the abstract."}},"verdict_id":"8ce130c1-2f4c-432b-9dd6-4b64767e407d"}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b425920ec68f932b194e5385371070cba9c8f58ee9b59bde529f7d39e3e1ae9c","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e3f867b1a976b27337219082002aa85300ce15a32c4a619c67715d51d474a495","cross_cats_sorted":["cond-mat.mtrl-sci"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cond-mat.mes-hall","submitted_at":"2026-05-12T19:06:50Z","title_canon_sha256":"2cc86440f8d9ad87b091607e400236370c828bd40b60a5ff8244c414dbadcbf6"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2605.12660","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"1ea0b0a523a328d122155797e0831be8d0d381b42d2235fb23ec27a92426567c","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"1ea0b0a523a328d122155797e0831be8d0d381b42d2235fb23ec27a92426567c","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50.530484Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50.530484Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"jUPGE4Qtn1R8KVbwCmZRRvgZUNmDDuoG/+YE+Qu5vo1MOZNpvXxDZUg3ADynrcw7axt5ev876LPCRu3PrBQ2Aw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T03:09:50.531340Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2605.12660","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b425920ec68f932b194e5385371070cba9c8f58ee9b59bde529f7d39e3e1ae9c","sha256:b9029ddf6354563f354da1f5736fc9cadb67e0611ace526a7e6708d0fe390108"],"state_sha256":"1a945b9b138d0830626857a1861640b8ab10eb3f28c010c58e9e51fca51d3aa7"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"30u2WZv/tNQT7VYL/ezYay/4Qo8WcHYDOd7bx8f6tMmGPxwmW9zraO20fbg7HaoZMV8rh5kenxarqcq1Ck4/AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-19T07:49:07.114463Z","bundle_sha256":"99c96b429a5cfdc7440245e920d91192aac4efde2e332a111bcf20b9885c955e"}}