{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:D4IK5W6NDRM52LCBGZ7NJHYNII","short_pith_number":"pith:D4IK5W6N","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2012.13063","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-12-24T01:43:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"652faf41528d45ae55446e417b341e499f003c959eee3d0f342e013f9298e863","abstract_canon_sha256":"224bb433ed9761ceb53ed8a63732ab4d0cba4c5776ae235dea2ba60c23eec467"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1f10aedbcd1c59dd2c41367ed49f0d423464452ed29a922f1dfb998deb96609e","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2012.13063","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2012.13063","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2012.13063v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2012.13063","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"D4IK5W6NDRM5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"D4IK5W6NDRM52LCB","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"D4IK5W6N","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:D4IK5W6NDRM52LCBGZ7NJHYNII","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2012.13063","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-12-24T01:43:53Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"title_canon_sha256":"652faf41528d45ae55446e417b341e499f003c959eee3d0f342e013f9298e863","abstract_canon_sha256":"224bb433ed9761ceb53ed8a63732ab4d0cba4c5776ae235dea2ba60c23eec467"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1f10aedbcd1c59dd2c41367ed49f0d423464452ed29a922f1dfb998deb96609e","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43.704759Z","signature_b64":"ozRkXzzJ5wOcusFy9X2Bv1yytae/VmKDfhSJT7NiazGUILqntPWx7bBkQp0OPlrh7bfQF0gZo8qvn0lUEST5Aw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"1f10aedbcd1c59dd2c41367ed49f0d423464452ed29a922f1dfb998deb96609e","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43.704277Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43.704277Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2012.13063","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Vjd+pp9Z0RHoZJbQo3MwhBlFN6lvda7c/bUG26ACgwxYUyb0vuJdUV1/JPMepkt5w6hI3Y5ATcYavOl1Dcs1DQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T12:13:01.675727Z"},"content_sha256":"0929473cd4ca4973ccc871368c4cee1457e80e705167a20ec9f053244fff10da","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:0929473cd4ca4973ccc871368c4cee1457e80e705167a20ec9f053244fff10da"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2020:D4IK5W6NDRM52LCBGZ7NJHYNII","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Decentralized Federated Learning via Mutual Knowledge Transfer","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.DC"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Chengxi Li, Gang Li, Pramod K. Varshney","submitted_at":"2020-12-24T01:43:53Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we investigate the problem of decentralized federated learning (DFL) in Internet of things (IoT) systems, where a number of IoT clients train models collectively for a common task without sharing their private training data in the absence of a central server. Most of the existing DFL schemes are composed of two alternating steps, i.e., model updating and model averaging. However, averaging model parameters directly to fuse different models at the local clients suffers from client-drift especially when the training data are heterogeneous across different clients. This leads to sl"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2012.13063","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2012.13063/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"aJ8aRE/kRJrM82OBdi0kEe3aXz9gIgYZK4zbFsw4C/jXnsqtUsfMejUpy61vAbOAO92GkH9mf5hir1ofmQ6XCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T12:13:01.676220Z"},"content_sha256":"fec5e16d14effa3eba23a788b471e38fd9830c5977a93f8b0293e93b2b2b8d43","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:fec5e16d14effa3eba23a788b471e38fd9830c5977a93f8b0293e93b2b2b8d43"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/D4IK5W6NDRM52LCBGZ7NJHYNII/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/D4IK5W6NDRM52LCBGZ7NJHYNII/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/D4IK5W6NDRM52LCBGZ7NJHYNII/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T12:13:01Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/D4IK5W6NDRM52LCBGZ7NJHYNII","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/D4IK5W6NDRM52LCBGZ7NJHYNII/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/D4IK5W6NDRM52LCBGZ7NJHYNII/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/D4IK5W6NDRM52LCBGZ7NJHYNII/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2020:D4IK5W6NDRM52LCBGZ7NJHYNII","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"224bb433ed9761ceb53ed8a63732ab4d0cba4c5776ae235dea2ba60c23eec467","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-12-24T01:43:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"652faf41528d45ae55446e417b341e499f003c959eee3d0f342e013f9298e863"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2012.13063","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2012.13063","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2012.13063v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2012.13063","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"D4IK5W6NDRM5","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"D4IK5W6NDRM52LCB","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"D4IK5W6N","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:fec5e16d14effa3eba23a788b471e38fd9830c5977a93f8b0293e93b2b2b8d43","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2012.13063/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In this paper, we investigate the problem of decentralized federated learning (DFL) in Internet of things (IoT) systems, where a number of IoT clients train models collectively for a common task without sharing their private training data in the absence of a central server. Most of the existing DFL schemes are composed of two alternating steps, i.e., model updating and model averaging. However, averaging model parameters directly to fuse different models at the local clients suffers from client-drift especially when the training data are heterogeneous across different clients. This leads to sl","authors_text":"Chengxi Li, Gang Li, Pramod K. Varshney","cross_cats":["cs.DC"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-12-24T01:43:53Z","title":"Decentralized Federated Learning via Mutual Knowledge Transfer"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2012.13063","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:0929473cd4ca4973ccc871368c4cee1457e80e705167a20ec9f053244fff10da","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"224bb433ed9761ceb53ed8a63732ab4d0cba4c5776ae235dea2ba60c23eec467","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.DC"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.LG","submitted_at":"2020-12-24T01:43:53Z","title_canon_sha256":"652faf41528d45ae55446e417b341e499f003c959eee3d0f342e013f9298e863"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2012.13063","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"1f10aedbcd1c59dd2c41367ed49f0d423464452ed29a922f1dfb998deb96609e","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"1f10aedbcd1c59dd2c41367ed49f0d423464452ed29a922f1dfb998deb96609e","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43.704277Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43.704277Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ozRkXzzJ5wOcusFy9X2Bv1yytae/VmKDfhSJT7NiazGUILqntPWx7bBkQp0OPlrh7bfQF0gZo8qvn0lUEST5Aw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:39:43.704759Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2012.13063","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:0929473cd4ca4973ccc871368c4cee1457e80e705167a20ec9f053244fff10da","sha256:fec5e16d14effa3eba23a788b471e38fd9830c5977a93f8b0293e93b2b2b8d43"],"state_sha256":"58115e8b6766a210b010e16c582dec313708f5d3b6a273dd41b7180588694137"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"J//ZS46adFSQ0Tx2OoduYTkmoDP+Jr9V3DD1T7nCohio+eqGt7e2WPlB1I4IJ9tDjqgB68frK1gic8acUd7zCQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T12:13:01.679702Z","bundle_sha256":"b75a8bc5a68d35fd6155ee2e09af7b79956aa57a7916582241947a119fd60d1e"}}