{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2019:DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z","short_pith_number":"pith:DB5MZO3S","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"187accbb72a14e916570829b4069bae644023c691071661a19fe1a67a3572524","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1911.05791","version":1},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Eli Visbal, Kohei Inayoshi, Zolt\\'an Haiman","submitted_at":"2019-11-13T20:04:08Z","abstract_excerpt":"The existence of $\\approx$10^9 Msun supermassive black holes (SMBHs) within the first billion year of the universe has stimulated numerous ideas for the prompt formation and rapid growth of BHs in the early universe. Here we review ways in which the seeds of massive BHs may have first assembled, how they may have subsequently grown as massive as $\\approx$10^9 Msun, and how multi-messenger observations could distinguish between different SMBH assembly scenarios. We conclude the following: (1) The ultra-rare $\\approx$10^9 Msun SMBHs represent only the tip of the iceberg. Early BHs likely fill a "},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1911.05791","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2019-11-13T20:04:08Z","cross_cats_sorted":["astro-ph.CO"],"title_canon_sha256":"5bc5a55a3a7660e1119458038748c6ffdada1c8dc6fec16f0319c9d012129376","abstract_canon_sha256":"e41cdd202ac1d685a1b715ddf6222060374eee65c58c6f408f0b7fb6b12c3077"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:16.268550Z","signature_b64":"sDXqGyOnVZrGHLuEExa31hqzdtYhecdrIAt8VqeB2rpft/HYdcDPaJhfYZ9v+1gpbfC/U9U8CJ7l9vsb93OuDQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"187accbb72a14e916570829b4069bae644023c691071661a19fe1a67a3572524","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:16.268103Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:16.268103Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Eli Visbal, Kohei Inayoshi, Zolt\\'an Haiman","submitted_at":"2019-11-13T20:04:08Z","abstract_excerpt":"The existence of $\\approx$10^9 Msun supermassive black holes (SMBHs) within the first billion year of the universe has stimulated numerous ideas for the prompt formation and rapid growth of BHs in the early universe. Here we review ways in which the seeds of massive BHs may have first assembled, how they may have subsequently grown as massive as $\\approx$10^9 Msun, and how multi-messenger observations could distinguish between different SMBH assembly scenarios. We conclude the following: (1) The ultra-rare $\\approx$10^9 Msun SMBHs represent only the tip of the iceberg. Early BHs likely fill a "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1911.05791","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1911.05791/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1911.05791","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:16.268152+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1911.05791v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:16.268152+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1911.05791","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:16.268152+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DB5MZO3SUFHJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:16.268152+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQ","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:16.268152+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DB5MZO3S","created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:16.268152+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":9,"internal_anchor_count":0,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.25602","citing_title":"Constraining supermassive primordial black hole clustering with the angular auto-correlation of $z\\simeq 6$ quasars","ref_index":17,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.03414","citing_title":"Hidden-sector accretion and warped black-string seeds for high-redshift supermassive black holes","ref_index":2,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2606.28246","citing_title":"The cosmology of long range Yukawa interactions in general backgrounds","ref_index":52,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2510.09395","citing_title":"Dark matter production from evaporation of regular primordial black holes","ref_index":48,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2508.09965","citing_title":"GW231123: A Possible Primordial Black Hole Origin","ref_index":136,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2509.25325","citing_title":"Direct Collapse Black Hole Candidates from Decaying Dark Matter","ref_index":3,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2601.17117","citing_title":"Non-Equilibrium Relativistic Core Collapse of Self-Interacting Dark Matter Halos -- Limits On Seed Black Hole Mass","ref_index":18,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2503.16596","citing_title":"A \"Black Hole Star\" Reveals the Remarkable Gas-Enshrouded Hearts of the Little Red Dots","ref_index":7,"is_internal_anchor":false},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2604.22559","citing_title":"A Quasar--Companion System Without AGN Outflow at $z \\sim 6$: The Case of PSO J083+11","ref_index":58,"is_internal_anchor":false}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z","json":"https://pith.science/pith/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/DB5MZO3S"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/DB5MZO3S","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1911.05791&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/DB5MZO3SUFHJCZLQQKNUA2N24Z/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:16.268152+00:00","updated_at":"2026-07-05T01:50:16.268152+00:00"}