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Evaluated on CTU-13 Neris: F1=0.9985, Precision=0.9969, Recall=1.0000 (2 FP in 12,075 benign flows, both VirtualBox artifacts).\n  We report the first three-paradigm ex","authors_text":"Alonso Isidoro Rom\\'an","cross_cats":[],"headline":"An open-source ML network detector on low-cost hardware detects botnet traffic with F1 of 0.9985 where signature and scripted systems largely fail.","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2026-04-03T05:20:13Z","title":"ML Defender (aRGus NDR): An Open-Source Embedded ML NIDS for Botnet and Anomalous Traffic Detection in Resource-Constrained Organizations"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2604.04952","kind":"arxiv","version":6},"verdict":{"created_at":"2026-05-13T20:21:18.635924Z","id":"8f2d4423-3b44-49b8-80c2-3175ce760be5","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"one_line_summary":"ML Defender achieves F1=0.9985 on CTU-13 Neris botnet detection with a dual fast-detector plus random forest model, outperforming Suricata (zero alerts) and Zeek (F1=0.042) in a three-paradigm comparison.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","pith_extraction_headline":"An open-source ML network detector on low-cost hardware detects botnet traffic with F1 of 0.9985 where signature and scripted systems largely fail.","strongest_claim":"aRGus NDR achieves F1=0.9985, Precision=0.9969, Recall=1.0000 on CTU-13 Neris (2 FP in 12,075 benign flows) while Suricata 6.0.10 with 50,010 rules generates zero alerts and Zeek 8.1.2 achieves F1=0.042.","weakest_assumption":"The CTU-13 Neris dataset and the offline confirmation experiment on 323,154 packets constitute a fair, representative, and artifact-free test of real-world botnet detection performance across the three paradigms."}},"verdict_id":"8f2d4423-3b44-49b8-80c2-3175ce760be5"}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:ed9e26c1b4cfcc0d2551284641ea1712cbef65be59d93e6e70e9a1a822d77097","target":"record","created_at":"2026-06-23T03:13:57Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"1eee7bd4c21f9b98ab1d52067c537773335e9e586ef265559665ee1de52003cd","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2026-04-03T05:20:13Z","title_canon_sha256":"a94dd06ab4d01baaeb7b8ea54afdfde397cd966621a92ec311c2817672e72820"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2604.04952","kind":"arxiv","version":6}},"canonical_sha256":"189a1df901fcee26ff009b98f403a8f78c719d97fd934bf1908d29b96c5e92cf","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"189a1df901fcee26ff009b98f403a8f78c719d97fd934bf1908d29b96c5e92cf","first_computed_at":"2026-06-23T03:13:57.061653Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-06-23T03:13:57.061653Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"TvnYTHbl1BdwAtvnsXTRUWZjcFkdxOQ+tHR43u6GKKuIGvM4tlqz7ICgBRX1Oo1HY/YaxwXBpaVD2qNY2PuHDQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-06-23T03:13:57.062131Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2604.04952","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":6}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:ed9e26c1b4cfcc0d2551284641ea1712cbef65be59d93e6e70e9a1a822d77097","sha256:2bdb0b5c5453ad594ec63d7da5741199dd91470da352168e66299b0075185062"],"state_sha256":"662c70c7f661befc217409fa836920447e005572a7974f4d353744c00ab42ad1"}