{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY6ZWRQNLFVO","short_pith_number":"pith:DCNVCAKG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1811.08469","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2018-11-20T20:06:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"03cffa4d6ebed43016e1345406c3001ad865cc0bba8f2b2946dc468d11f88349","abstract_canon_sha256":"15e315561bcbe050d54ec862cc7c826ecdca26e993c31a81503427035d34c052"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"189b51014695f7b90a78f66d183565abb5072cc7bda3ad58794c1938838b91e2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1811.08469","version":3},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1811.08469","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1811.08469v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1811.08469","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DCNVCAKGSX33","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DCNVCAKG","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY6ZWRQNLFVO","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1811.08469","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2018-11-20T20:06:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"title_canon_sha256":"03cffa4d6ebed43016e1345406c3001ad865cc0bba8f2b2946dc468d11f88349","abstract_canon_sha256":"15e315561bcbe050d54ec862cc7c826ecdca26e993c31a81503427035d34c052"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"189b51014695f7b90a78f66d183565abb5072cc7bda3ad58794c1938838b91e2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24.869819Z","signature_b64":"n5yVL9ip1LOcFrOvYLuHW2DDYt0VSc40UMTSmNhwiCyumJCvMocMq+6+rmk6VvOu/M6OMBDcaSONgTvVeTi4AQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"189b51014695f7b90a78f66d183565abb5072cc7bda3ad58794c1938838b91e2","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24.869444Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24.869444Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1811.08469","source_version":3,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"RaVhbRF1AgDN9js32SsFwet49zXzGTtTabAnFpashXIdK+X88SoGmN3WvlnZ5dVUVgjksW8MkzIf23f4NxfLBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T01:06:35.129162Z"},"content_sha256":"b383e20fcef679e0734849f26f4c6e59de36df1e8fcacdd2a33bdd26cd6301e7","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:b383e20fcef679e0734849f26f4c6e59de36df1e8fcacdd2a33bdd26cd6301e7"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY6ZWRQNLFVO","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Stable Opponent Shaping in Differentiable Games","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"primary_cat":"cs.MA","authors_text":"Alistair Letcher, David Balduzzi, Jakob Foerster, Shimon Whiteson, Tim Rockt\\\"aschel","submitted_at":"2018-11-20T20:06:37Z","abstract_excerpt":"A growing number of learning methods are actually differentiable games whose players optimise multiple, interdependent objectives in parallel -- from GANs and intrinsic curiosity to multi-agent RL. Opponent shaping is a powerful approach to improve learning dynamics in these games, accounting for player influence on others' updates. Learning with Opponent-Learning Awareness (LOLA) is a recent algorithm that exploits this response and leads to cooperation in settings like the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. Although experimentally successful, we show that LOLA agents can exhibit 'arrogant' behavio"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1811.08469","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/1811.08469/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Ps5rRMtP+CO8Hw7Rreu0rFZFHOvn8YkggE4y1RFVfTH8TfQM+tn0Apw5jpvmrM9uP7eVwj3CP1NMtQuNaLDlBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T01:06:35.129752Z"},"content_sha256":"c42db86e239e1bafc6a6834ac1eec07611e335ad33a8799110d22be1d4e8ff56","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c42db86e239e1bafc6a6834ac1eec07611e335ad33a8799110d22be1d4e8ff56"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY6ZWRQNLFVO/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY6ZWRQNLFVO/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY6ZWRQNLFVO/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-11T01:06:35Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY6ZWRQNLFVO","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY6ZWRQNLFVO/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY6ZWRQNLFVO/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY6ZWRQNLFVO/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY6ZWRQNLFVO","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"15e315561bcbe050d54ec862cc7c826ecdca26e993c31a81503427035d34c052","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2018-11-20T20:06:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"03cffa4d6ebed43016e1345406c3001ad865cc0bba8f2b2946dc468d11f88349"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1811.08469","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1811.08469","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1811.08469v3","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1811.08469","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DCNVCAKGSX33","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DCNVCAKGSX33SCTY","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DCNVCAKG","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c42db86e239e1bafc6a6834ac1eec07611e335ad33a8799110d22be1d4e8ff56","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/1811.08469/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"A growing number of learning methods are actually differentiable games whose players optimise multiple, interdependent objectives in parallel -- from GANs and intrinsic curiosity to multi-agent RL. Opponent shaping is a powerful approach to improve learning dynamics in these games, accounting for player influence on others' updates. Learning with Opponent-Learning Awareness (LOLA) is a recent algorithm that exploits this response and leads to cooperation in settings like the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. Although experimentally successful, we show that LOLA agents can exhibit 'arrogant' behavio","authors_text":"Alistair Letcher, David Balduzzi, Jakob Foerster, Shimon Whiteson, Tim Rockt\\\"aschel","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2018-11-20T20:06:37Z","title":"Stable Opponent Shaping in Differentiable Games"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1811.08469","kind":"arxiv","version":3},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:b383e20fcef679e0734849f26f4c6e59de36df1e8fcacdd2a33bdd26cd6301e7","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"15e315561bcbe050d54ec862cc7c826ecdca26e993c31a81503427035d34c052","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.LG"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.MA","submitted_at":"2018-11-20T20:06:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"03cffa4d6ebed43016e1345406c3001ad865cc0bba8f2b2946dc468d11f88349"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1811.08469","kind":"arxiv","version":3}},"canonical_sha256":"189b51014695f7b90a78f66d183565abb5072cc7bda3ad58794c1938838b91e2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"189b51014695f7b90a78f66d183565abb5072cc7bda3ad58794c1938838b91e2","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24.869444Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24.869444Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"n5yVL9ip1LOcFrOvYLuHW2DDYt0VSc40UMTSmNhwiCyumJCvMocMq+6+rmk6VvOu/M6OMBDcaSONgTvVeTi4AQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T02:07:24.869819Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1811.08469","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":3}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:b383e20fcef679e0734849f26f4c6e59de36df1e8fcacdd2a33bdd26cd6301e7","sha256:c42db86e239e1bafc6a6834ac1eec07611e335ad33a8799110d22be1d4e8ff56"],"state_sha256":"779eccbbe27a424c9731bf8eb2671f2e0769c4ee78a5aab506a3dabbcc2ac1ac"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"zU8T0YmU4QBHHRuqtCl7FLtQB/bFWjxNTgW64AaHQIZD0lWv2ytujeiUjjfVGQMHtrg4tDmadJX+oZqlieY5Aw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-11T01:06:35.138882Z","bundle_sha256":"3ff3a93f501eb967269909a93a665b3bdc82d06a1672f97712676b4a021af461"}}