{"record_type":"pith_number_record","schema_url":"https://pith.science/schemas/pith-number/v1.json","pith_number":"pith:2018:DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T","short_pith_number":"pith:DCTYPQV3","schema_version":"1.0","canonical_sha256":"18a787c2bb1abe40f52043716cf027e4eac2fe22929e69c869ba08107046114d","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1809.09044","version":5},"attestation_state":"computed","paper":{"title":"Fraud and Data Availability Proofs: Maximising Light Client Security and Scaling Blockchains with Dishonest Majorities","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Alberto Sonnino, Mustafa Al-Bassam, Vitalik Buterin","submitted_at":"2018-09-24T16:43:27Z","abstract_excerpt":"Light clients, also known as Simple Payment Verification (SPV) clients, are nodes which only download a small portion of the data in a blockchain, and use indirect means to verify that a given chain is valid. Typically, instead of validating block data, they assume that the chain favoured by the blockchain's consensus algorithm only contains valid blocks, and that the majority of block producers are honest. By allowing such clients to receive fraud proofs generated by fully validating nodes that show that a block violates the protocol rules, and combining this with probabilistic sampling techn"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1809.09044","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2018-09-24T16:43:27Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e85128ea27090b2cb0cda93084b18d95148a51dbe969492c8391690c0a3dbcfb","abstract_canon_sha256":"ecd040c769681bcfd84861b4af516b32d6eef51da2a441d4b908d6d936caafad"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-17T23:45:09.595633Z","signature_b64":"HCKergFm7vdHmbqeCgztA8w8zWp/fMQsVzRtygwub7aTphpT3biG339RXVkzQTes6eEpfG+C5vcAUnA2BM2VAw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"18a787c2bb1abe40f52043716cf027e4eac2fe22929e69c869ba08107046114d","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-17T23:45:09.595102Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-17T23:45:09.595102Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Fraud and Data Availability Proofs: Maximising Light Client Security and Scaling Blockchains with Dishonest Majorities","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Alberto Sonnino, Mustafa Al-Bassam, Vitalik Buterin","submitted_at":"2018-09-24T16:43:27Z","abstract_excerpt":"Light clients, also known as Simple Payment Verification (SPV) clients, are nodes which only download a small portion of the data in a blockchain, and use indirect means to verify that a given chain is valid. Typically, instead of validating block data, they assume that the chain favoured by the blockchain's consensus algorithm only contains valid blocks, and that the majority of block producers are honest. By allowing such clients to receive fraud proofs generated by fully validating nodes that show that a block violates the protocol rules, and combining this with probabilistic sampling techn"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1809.09044","kind":"arxiv","version":5},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1809.09044","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:45:09.595185+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1809.09044v5","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:45:09.595185+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1809.09044","created_at":"2026-05-17T23:45:09.595185+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DCTYPQV3DK7E","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19.392346+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JA","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19.392346+00:00"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DCTYPQV3","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19.392346+00:00"}],"events":[],"event_summary":{},"paper_claims":[],"inbound_citations":{"count":2,"internal_anchor_count":1,"sample":[{"citing_arxiv_id":"2509.21586","citing_title":"From Indexing to Coding: A New Paradigm for Data Availability Sampling","ref_index":2,"is_internal_anchor":true},{"citing_arxiv_id":"2604.16559","citing_title":"Polynomial Multiproofs for Scalable Data Availability Sampling in Blockchain Light Clients","ref_index":1,"is_internal_anchor":false}]},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"sample":[],"anchors":[]},"links":{"html":"https://pith.science/pith/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T","json":"https://pith.science/pith/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T.json","graph_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T/graph.json","events_json":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T/events.json","paper":"https://pith.science/paper/DCTYPQV3"},"agent_actions":{"view_html":"https://pith.science/pith/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T","download_json":"https://pith.science/pith/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T.json","view_paper":"https://pith.science/paper/DCTYPQV3","resolve_alias":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/resolve?arxiv=1809.09044&json=true","fetch_graph":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T/graph.json","fetch_events":"https://pith.science/api/pith-number/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T/events.json","actions":{"anchor_timestamp":"https://pith.science/pith/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T/action/timestamp_anchor","attest_storage":"https://pith.science/pith/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T/action/storage_attestation","attest_author":"https://pith.science/pith/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T/action/author_attestation","sign_citation":"https://pith.science/pith/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T/action/citation_signature","submit_replication":"https://pith.science/pith/DCTYPQV3DK7EB5JAINYWZ4BH4T/action/replication_record"}},"created_at":"2026-05-17T23:45:09.595185+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-17T23:45:09.595185+00:00"}