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Kopmann, A. Krieger, A. Kusenko, A. Lemiere, A. Letessier-Selvon, A. Lopez Ag\\\"uera, A. Lucero, A. Menshikov, A.M. van den Berg, A. Olinto, A. Petrolini, A. Pichel, A. Redondo, A. Segreto, A. Smia{\\l}kowski, A. Stutz, A. Tamashiro, A. Tamburro, A. Tonachini, A. Velarde, A. Yushkov, A. Zepeda b, B. Baughman, B.B. Siffert, B. Connolly, B.E. Smith, B. Fick, B. Garc\\'ia, B.J. Whelan, B. K\\'egl, B. Keilhauer, B.L. Lago, B. Morales, B. O{\\ss}wald, B.R. Becker, B.R. Dawson, B. Revenu, B. Rouill\\'e-d'Orfeuil, B. Tom\\'e, B. Wilczy\\'nska, B. Wundheiler, C. Aguirre, C.A. Moura, C. Aramo, C. Berat, C. Bleve, C. Bonifazi, C. De Donato, C. Delle Fratte, C. Di Giulio, C. Dobrigkeit, C.E. Covault, C.E. Fracchiolla, C.E. Santo, C. Guerard, C. Hojvat, C.J. Todero Peixoto, C. Lachaud, C. Macolino, C. Morello, C. Morris, C. Newman-Holmes, C.O. Escobar, C. Pfendner, C. Rivi\\`ere, C. Robledo, C. Timmermans, C. Wiebusch, C. Wileman, D. Allard, D. Badagnani, D.B. Tridapalli, D. CaminL. Caramete, D. Dornic, D. D'Urso, D. Garc\\'ia G\\'amez, D. Garcia-Pinto, D. Gonzalez, D. G\\'ora, D. Harari, D. Heck, D.-H. Koang, D. Kruppke-Hansen, D. Kuempel, D. Lebrun, D. Mandat, D. Martello, D. Maurizio, D. Melo, D. Monnier Ragaigne, D. Newton, D. Nicotra, D. Nitz, D. Nosek, D. Pakk Selmi-Dei, D. Ravignani, D. Schuster, D. Semikoz, D. Tcherniakhovski, D. Thomas, D. Veberi\\v{c}, D. Warner, D. Zavrtanik, E. Arganda, E. Bollmann, E. Colombo, E.D. Fraenkel, E. Grashorn, E.J. Ahn, E.J. Quel, E. Kemp, E. Menichetti, E.M. Santos, E. Parizot, E. Petermann, E. Roulet, E. Strazzeri, E. Trovato, E. Tusi, E. Zas, F. Arneodo, F. Arqueros, F.A.S. Rezende, F. Blanco, F. Bracci, F. Contreras, F. Daudo, F. Ferrer, F. Gomez Albarracin, F. Guarino, F. Ionita, F. Marchetto, F. Montanet, F. Nerling, F. Ortolani, F. Salamida, F. S\\'anchez, F. Sarazin, F. Schmidt, F. Schroeder, F. Sch\\\"ussler, F. Suarez, G. Avila, G. Decerprit, G. De La Vega, G. Farrar, G. Gelmini, G. Golup, G. Hebrero, G. Hofman, G. la Rosa, G. Matthiae, G. Medina-Tanco, G. Miele, G. Navarra, G. Parente, G.P. Guedes, G. Raia J. Rautenberg, G. Rodriguez, G. Ros, G.R. Snow, G. Salina, G. Schleif A. Schmidt, G. Sequieros, G. Tristram, G. Vitali, G. Wieczorek, G. W\\\"orner, G. Yuan, H. Asorey, H. Bl\\\"umer, H. Bolz, H.C. Reis, H. Dembinski, H. Falcke, H. Geenen, H. Gemmeke, H. Glass, H. Hucker, H.J. Mathes, H.J.M. Barbosa, H. Kern, H. Lyberis, H.O. Klages, H.R. Marquez Falcon, H. Salazar b, H. Schieler, H. Schoorlemmer, H. Spinka, H. Wahlberg, H. Wilczy\\'nski, H. Wu, I. Allekotte, I.C. Maris, I. De Mitri, I. Dutan, I. Fleck, I. Lhenry-Yvon, I.M. Pepe, I. Rodriguez-Cabo, I. Sidelnik, I. Torres, I. Vali\\~no, I. Zaw, J.A. Bellido, J.A. Chinellato, J.A.J. Matthews, J. Allen, J. Alvarez-Mu\\~niz, J. Aublin, J. Brack, J. Castro, J.C. Diaz, J.C. D'Olivo, J.C. dos Anjos, J. Chauvin, J. Chudoba, J. Chye, J.C. Moreno, J. Coppens, J. Cuautle, J.D. Hague, J.F. Vald\\'es Galicia, J.G. Gonzalez, J. Gitto, J. Grygar, J. Guti\\'errez, J.J. Beatty, J. Kleinfeller, J. Knapp, J. Lee, J.L. Harton, J.L. Navarro, J. Lozano Bahilo, J. Matthews, J. Oehlschl\\\"ager, J. Pallotta, J. P\\c{e}kala, J. Petrovic, J. Pochon, J. Pouryamout, J.R. H\\\"orandel, J. Ridky, J. Rodriguez Martino, J. Rodriguez Rojo, J. Rosado, J.R.T. de Mello Neto, J.R. V\\'azquez, J. Schovancova, J. Sorokin, J. Swain, J. Tiffenberg, J.W. Cronin, K. Arisaka, K.B. Barber, K. Daumiller, K.D. de Vries, K. Gibbs, K.H. Becker, K.H. Kampert, K. Louedec, K. Payet, K.S. Caballero-Mora, L. Anchordoqui, L. Cazon, L. Del Peral, L.M. Goggin, L. Miramonti, L. Nellen, L. No\\v{z}ka, L. Perrone, L. Prado Jr., L. Valore, L. Villase\\~nor, L. Voyvodic, L. Wiencke, M.A. DuVernois, M. Aglietta, M.A. Leigui de Oliveira, M. Ambrosio, M.A. Muller, M. Ave, M. Boh\\'a\\v{c}ov\\'a, M.C. Maccarone, M. De Domenico, M.D. Healy, M.D. Roberts, M.D. Rodr\\'iguez-Fr\\'ias, M. Erdmann, M. Giller, M. G\\'omez Berisso, M. Gon\\c{c}alves do Amaral, M. Grigat, M.G. Winnick, M. Horvat, M. Hrabovsk\\'y, M. Hussain, M. Iarlori, M.I. Micheletti, M. Kaducak, M. Kleifges, M. Leuthold, M. Malek, M. McEwen, M. Melissas, M. Monasor, M. Mostaf\\'a, M. Mucchi, M. Nyklicek, M. Ortiz, M. Palatka, M. Patel, M. Pech, M. Pimenta, M. Platino, M. Pontz, M. Prouza, M. Risse, M. Roth, M.S.A.B. Le\\~ao, M. Santander, M. Scuderi, M. Settimo, M.S. Gold, M.S. Sutherland, M.T. Dova, M. Tueros, M. Unger, M. Urban, M. Videla, M. Zavrtanik, M. Ziolkowski, N. Barenthien, N. Borodai, N. Fazzini, N.G. Busca, N. Guardone, N. Kunka, N. Nierstenhoefer, N. Pacheco, N. Scharf, N.T. Thao, N. Wild, O. Blanch-Bigas, O. Catalano, O. Deligny, O. Kr\\\"omer, O. Martineau, O. Mart\\'inez Bravo, O. Pisanti, O. Ravel, O. Scholten, O. Ta\\c{s}c\\u{a}u, O. Wainberg, P. Abreu, P. Allison, P. Assis, P. Bauleo, P. Bernardini, P. Billoir, P. Brogueira, P. Buchholz, P.D.J. Clark, P. Facal San Luis, P.F. Gomez Vitale, P. Gon\\c{c}alves, P. Gouffon, P. Hansen, P. Homola, P. Kasper, P. Lautridou, P.L. Biermann, P. Lebrun, P.L. Ghia, P. Mantsch, P.N. Diep, P.N. Dong, P. Necesal, P. Oliva, P.O. Mazur, P. Petrinca, P. Privitera, P. Schiffer, P. Schov\\'anek, P. Sommers, P.T. Nhung, P. Trapani, P. Travnicek, P. Wahrlich, P. Younk, R.A. V\\'azquez, R. Bonino, R. Bruijn, R. Caruso, R. Cester, R. Concei\\c{c}\\~ao, R.C. Shellard, R. Dallier, R.E. Burton, R. Engel, R.F. Gamarra, R. Fonte, R. Gumbsheimer, R. Knapik, R. L\\'opez, R.M. de Almeida, R. Meyhandan, R.M. Kieckhafer, R. Mussa, R. Pesce, R. Piegaia, R.R. McNeil, R. Sato, R. Squartini, R. Tcaciuc, R. Ticona, R. Ulrich, R. \\v{S}m\\'ida, R.W. Clay, S. Andringa, S. Argir\\`o, S. BenZvi, S. Coutu, S. Dagoret-Campagne, S. Fliescher, S. Gambetta, S. Grebe, S. Harmsma, S. Hartmann, S.J. De Jong, S. Jiraskova, S.J. Sciutto, S.L.C. Barroso, S. Maldera, S. Mollerach, S. Mueller, S. Navas, S. Parlati, S. Pastor, S. Petrera, S. Reucroft, S. Riggi, S. Sarkar, S. Schulte, S. Vorobiov, S. Westerhoff, T. Asch, T. B\\\"acker, T. Beau, T. Hebbeker, The Pierre Auger Collaboration: J. Abraham, T. Huege, T. Karova, T. Paul, T. Pierog, T. Pinto, T. Rossler, T. Schmidt, T. Suomij\\\"arvi, T. Tarutina, T. Venters, T. Yamamoto, U. Cotti, U. Giaccari, V.C. Holmes, V. de Souza, V. Grassi, V. Halenka, V.H. Ponce, V.M. Olmos-Gilbaja, V. Pavlidou, V. Pirronello, V. Rizi, V. Scherini, V. Tuci, V. Verzi, W. Carvalho, W.C. Brown, W. Fulgione, W.J.M. de Mello Junior, W. Miller, W. Tkaczyk, X. Bertou, X. Garrido, Y. Guardincerri, Y. Petrov, Z. Szadkowski","submitted_at":"2009-07-24T14:13:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. In this paper we describe the components of the fluorescence detector including its optical system, the design of the camera, the electronics, and the systems for"},"verification_status":{"content_addressed":true,"pith_receipt":true,"author_attested":false,"weak_author_claims":0,"strong_author_claims":0,"externally_anchored":false,"storage_verified":false,"citation_signatures":0,"replication_records":0,"graph_snapshot":true,"references_resolved":false,"formal_links_present":false},"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"0907.4282","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","submitted_at":"2009-07-24T14:13:47Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"f9c851187c78df3df017151dbcda6152543fa1cce2e4685b1cc4225e2e61fe8b","abstract_canon_sha256":"3be749e7ec0f358517f19752a5db5207f911970cb081ac78178f58b628be641f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T04:41:15.432484Z","signature_b64":"nuFuKkPIMN0fOALV8FOuHYC5ONb1ARi8cxftkQXzwGHjGHA0fsQu/Atjx2aZrpZXuga6P7iAjKZirSnK9D0TAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"198c557cd8f8c9979bd50f56f48d5340ff4a88fbd633561f22cff5ee7830f4db","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T04:41:15.431825Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T04:41:15.431825Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"The Fluorescence Detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.IM","authors_text":"A. Anzalone, A. Bacher, A. Bell\\'etoile, A. Bueno, A. Castellina, A.C. Fauth, A. Chiavassa, A. Chou, A. Cordero, A. Cordier, A. Creusot, A. Criss, A.C. Rovero, A. Curutiu, A. Della Selva, A. Dorofeev, A.D. Supanitsky, A. Etchegoyen, A.F. Barbosa, A. Ferrero, A.F. Grillo, A. Filevich, A. Filip\\v{c}i\\v{c}, A.G.K. Smith, A.G. Mariazzi, A. Gorgi, A. Haungs, A. Horneffer, A. Insolia, A. Italiano, A. Kopmann, A. Krieger, A. Kusenko, A. Lemiere, A. Letessier-Selvon, A. Lopez Ag\\\"uera, A. Lucero, A. Menshikov, A.M. van den Berg, A. Olinto, A. Petrolini, A. Pichel, A. Redondo, A. Segreto, A. Smia{\\l}kowski, A. Stutz, A. Tamashiro, A. Tamburro, A. Tonachini, A. Velarde, A. Yushkov, A. Zepeda b, B. Baughman, B.B. Siffert, B. Connolly, B.E. Smith, B. Fick, B. Garc\\'ia, B.J. Whelan, B. K\\'egl, B. Keilhauer, B.L. Lago, B. Morales, B. O{\\ss}wald, B.R. Becker, B.R. Dawson, B. Revenu, B. Rouill\\'e-d'Orfeuil, B. Tom\\'e, B. Wilczy\\'nska, B. Wundheiler, C. Aguirre, C.A. Moura, C. Aramo, C. Berat, C. Bleve, C. Bonifazi, C. De Donato, C. Delle Fratte, C. Di Giulio, C. Dobrigkeit, C.E. Covault, C.E. Fracchiolla, C.E. Santo, C. Guerard, C. Hojvat, C.J. Todero Peixoto, C. Lachaud, C. Macolino, C. Morello, C. Morris, C. Newman-Holmes, C.O. Escobar, C. Pfendner, C. Rivi\\`ere, C. Robledo, C. Timmermans, C. Wiebusch, C. Wileman, D. Allard, D. Badagnani, D.B. Tridapalli, D. CaminL. Caramete, D. Dornic, D. D'Urso, D. Garc\\'ia G\\'amez, D. Garcia-Pinto, D. Gonzalez, D. G\\'ora, D. Harari, D. Heck, D.-H. Koang, D. Kruppke-Hansen, D. Kuempel, D. Lebrun, D. Mandat, D. Martello, D. Maurizio, D. Melo, D. Monnier Ragaigne, D. Newton, D. Nicotra, D. Nitz, D. Nosek, D. Pakk Selmi-Dei, D. Ravignani, D. Schuster, D. Semikoz, D. Tcherniakhovski, D. Thomas, D. Veberi\\v{c}, D. Warner, D. Zavrtanik, E. Arganda, E. Bollmann, E. Colombo, E.D. Fraenkel, E. Grashorn, E.J. Ahn, E.J. Quel, E. Kemp, E. Menichetti, E.M. Santos, E. Parizot, E. Petermann, E. Roulet, E. Strazzeri, E. Trovato, E. Tusi, E. Zas, F. Arneodo, F. Arqueros, F.A.S. Rezende, F. Blanco, F. Bracci, F. Contreras, F. Daudo, F. Ferrer, F. Gomez Albarracin, F. Guarino, F. Ionita, F. Marchetto, F. Montanet, F. Nerling, F. Ortolani, F. Salamida, F. S\\'anchez, F. Sarazin, F. Schmidt, F. Schroeder, F. Sch\\\"ussler, F. Suarez, G. Avila, G. Decerprit, G. De La Vega, G. Farrar, G. Gelmini, G. Golup, G. Hebrero, G. Hofman, G. la Rosa, G. Matthiae, G. Medina-Tanco, G. Miele, G. Navarra, G. Parente, G.P. Guedes, G. Raia J. Rautenberg, G. Rodriguez, G. Ros, G.R. Snow, G. Salina, G. Schleif A. Schmidt, G. Sequieros, G. Tristram, G. Vitali, G. Wieczorek, G. W\\\"orner, G. Yuan, H. Asorey, H. Bl\\\"umer, H. Bolz, H.C. Reis, H. Dembinski, H. Falcke, H. Geenen, H. Gemmeke, H. Glass, H. Hucker, H.J. Mathes, H.J.M. Barbosa, H. Kern, H. Lyberis, H.O. Klages, H.R. Marquez Falcon, H. Salazar b, H. Schieler, H. Schoorlemmer, H. Spinka, H. Wahlberg, H. Wilczy\\'nski, H. Wu, I. Allekotte, I.C. Maris, I. De Mitri, I. Dutan, I. Fleck, I. Lhenry-Yvon, I.M. Pepe, I. Rodriguez-Cabo, I. Sidelnik, I. Torres, I. Vali\\~no, I. Zaw, J.A. Bellido, J.A. Chinellato, J.A.J. Matthews, J. Allen, J. Alvarez-Mu\\~niz, J. Aublin, J. Brack, J. Castro, J.C. Diaz, J.C. D'Olivo, J.C. dos Anjos, J. Chauvin, J. Chudoba, J. Chye, J.C. Moreno, J. Coppens, J. Cuautle, J.D. Hague, J.F. Vald\\'es Galicia, J.G. Gonzalez, J. Gitto, J. Grygar, J. Guti\\'errez, J.J. Beatty, J. Kleinfeller, J. Knapp, J. Lee, J.L. Harton, J.L. Navarro, J. Lozano Bahilo, J. Matthews, J. Oehlschl\\\"ager, J. Pallotta, J. P\\c{e}kala, J. Petrovic, J. Pochon, J. Pouryamout, J.R. H\\\"orandel, J. Ridky, J. Rodriguez Martino, J. Rodriguez Rojo, J. Rosado, J.R.T. de Mello Neto, J.R. V\\'azquez, J. Schovancova, J. Sorokin, J. Swain, J. Tiffenberg, J.W. Cronin, K. Arisaka, K.B. Barber, K. Daumiller, K.D. de Vries, K. Gibbs, K.H. Becker, K.H. Kampert, K. Louedec, K. Payet, K.S. Caballero-Mora, L. Anchordoqui, L. Cazon, L. Del Peral, L.M. Goggin, L. Miramonti, L. Nellen, L. No\\v{z}ka, L. Perrone, L. Prado Jr., L. Valore, L. Villase\\~nor, L. Voyvodic, L. Wiencke, M.A. DuVernois, M. Aglietta, M.A. Leigui de Oliveira, M. Ambrosio, M.A. Muller, M. Ave, M. Boh\\'a\\v{c}ov\\'a, M.C. Maccarone, M. De Domenico, M.D. Healy, M.D. Roberts, M.D. Rodr\\'iguez-Fr\\'ias, M. Erdmann, M. Giller, M. G\\'omez Berisso, M. Gon\\c{c}alves do Amaral, M. Grigat, M.G. Winnick, M. Horvat, M. Hrabovsk\\'y, M. Hussain, M. Iarlori, M.I. Micheletti, M. Kaducak, M. Kleifges, M. Leuthold, M. Malek, M. McEwen, M. Melissas, M. Monasor, M. Mostaf\\'a, M. Mucchi, M. Nyklicek, M. Ortiz, M. Palatka, M. Patel, M. Pech, M. Pimenta, M. Platino, M. Pontz, M. Prouza, M. Risse, M. Roth, M.S.A.B. Le\\~ao, M. Santander, M. Scuderi, M. Settimo, M.S. Gold, M.S. Sutherland, M.T. Dova, M. Tueros, M. Unger, M. Urban, M. Videla, M. Zavrtanik, M. Ziolkowski, N. Barenthien, N. Borodai, N. Fazzini, N.G. Busca, N. Guardone, N. Kunka, N. Nierstenhoefer, N. Pacheco, N. Scharf, N.T. Thao, N. Wild, O. Blanch-Bigas, O. Catalano, O. Deligny, O. Kr\\\"omer, O. Martineau, O. Mart\\'inez Bravo, O. Pisanti, O. Ravel, O. Scholten, O. Ta\\c{s}c\\u{a}u, O. Wainberg, P. Abreu, P. Allison, P. Assis, P. Bauleo, P. Bernardini, P. Billoir, P. Brogueira, P. Buchholz, P.D.J. Clark, P. Facal San Luis, P.F. Gomez Vitale, P. Gon\\c{c}alves, P. Gouffon, P. Hansen, P. Homola, P. Kasper, P. Lautridou, P.L. Biermann, P. Lebrun, P.L. Ghia, P. Mantsch, P.N. Diep, P.N. Dong, P. Necesal, P. Oliva, P.O. Mazur, P. Petrinca, P. Privitera, P. Schiffer, P. Schov\\'anek, P. Sommers, P.T. Nhung, P. Trapani, P. Travnicek, P. Wahrlich, P. Younk, R.A. V\\'azquez, R. Bonino, R. Bruijn, R. Caruso, R. Cester, R. Concei\\c{c}\\~ao, R.C. Shellard, R. Dallier, R.E. Burton, R. Engel, R.F. Gamarra, R. Fonte, R. Gumbsheimer, R. Knapik, R. L\\'opez, R.M. de Almeida, R. Meyhandan, R.M. Kieckhafer, R. Mussa, R. Pesce, R. Piegaia, R.R. McNeil, R. Sato, R. Squartini, R. Tcaciuc, R. Ticona, R. Ulrich, R. \\v{S}m\\'ida, R.W. Clay, S. Andringa, S. Argir\\`o, S. BenZvi, S. Coutu, S. Dagoret-Campagne, S. Fliescher, S. Gambetta, S. Grebe, S. Harmsma, S. Hartmann, S.J. De Jong, S. Jiraskova, S.J. Sciutto, S.L.C. Barroso, S. Maldera, S. Mollerach, S. Mueller, S. Navas, S. Parlati, S. Pastor, S. Petrera, S. Reucroft, S. Riggi, S. Sarkar, S. Schulte, S. Vorobiov, S. Westerhoff, T. Asch, T. B\\\"acker, T. Beau, T. Hebbeker, The Pierre Auger Collaboration: J. Abraham, T. Huege, T. Karova, T. Paul, T. Pierog, T. Pinto, T. Rossler, T. Schmidt, T. Suomij\\\"arvi, T. Tarutina, T. Venters, T. Yamamoto, U. Cotti, U. Giaccari, V.C. Holmes, V. de Souza, V. Grassi, V. Halenka, V.H. Ponce, V.M. Olmos-Gilbaja, V. Pavlidou, V. Pirronello, V. Rizi, V. Scherini, V. Tuci, V. Verzi, W. Carvalho, W.C. Brown, W. Fulgione, W.J.M. de Mello Junior, W. Miller, W. Tkaczyk, X. Bertou, X. Garrido, Y. Guardincerri, Y. Petrov, Z. Szadkowski","submitted_at":"2009-07-24T14:13:47Z","abstract_excerpt":"The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. 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