{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZWKMUTTRMGNI","short_pith_number":"pith:DKLVJXBN","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1703.02874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-03-08T15:32:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"54630e2fc169dcb7dc6391737927dde392b7c6ab8adf759d6c7b007c968fa335","abstract_canon_sha256":"4769fcfaa1f0e8d73a0436670094554a5358425c6b3c21daa3f81a8ddc6d5865"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1a9754dc2d61ca7daf36532939c5866a22da26678bfa0dea6fca35a9308a2d08","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1703.02874","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1703.02874","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1703.02874v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1703.02874","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DKLVJXBNMHFH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DKLVJXBN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:10Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZWKMUTTRMGNI","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1703.02874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-03-08T15:32:46Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"54630e2fc169dcb7dc6391737927dde392b7c6ab8adf759d6c7b007c968fa335","abstract_canon_sha256":"4769fcfaa1f0e8d73a0436670094554a5358425c6b3c21daa3f81a8ddc6d5865"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1a9754dc2d61ca7daf36532939c5866a22da26678bfa0dea6fca35a9308a2d08","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33.254194Z","signature_b64":"Cg7OIPkCAK340AlOzKbkd+PpuBVfdRAkrh0UAe/YgyzSoyuEd6DeuthyAOByC6zVBQGC8Ur1f5N0ceh1OlveAg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"1a9754dc2d61ca7daf36532939c5866a22da26678bfa0dea6fca35a9308a2d08","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33.253577Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33.253577Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1703.02874","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"H3EzDEIJ6xBpb5bgpnDfnvAenjkMSA3TooxtpUbouG/f+mkm8QXH/mYbHz/YSrM29zbFgF5MZllKkYUhIDRwBQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T13:52:26.583872Z"},"content_sha256":"1dbb2e5356103cf4abe9e15165cc99603c31024765f3ad270b3e51e40c37d96a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:1dbb2e5356103cf4abe9e15165cc99603c31024765f3ad270b3e51e40c37d96a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2017:DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZWKMUTTRMGNI","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"A Study of MAC Address Randomization in Mobile Devices and When it Fails","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"Chadwick Riggins, Collin Donahue, Dane Brown, Erik C. Rye, Jeremy Martin, Lamont Brown, Lucas Foppe, Travis Mayberry","submitted_at":"2017-03-08T15:32:46Z","abstract_excerpt":"MAC address randomization is a privacy technique whereby mobile devices rotate through random hardware addresses in order to prevent observers from singling out their traffic or physical location from other nearby devices. Adoption of this technology, however, has been sporadic and varied across device manufacturers. In this paper, we present the first wide-scale study of MAC address randomization in the wild, including a detailed breakdown of different randomization techniques by operating system, manufacturer, and model of device.\n  We then identify multiple flaws in these implementations wh"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1703.02874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"YWEeoSAWHYhGKXCgPePGlMVxU9ILZmTD5gP/9d2xKzvH2hW2W5yKYba4XXkEirTou+fYI/uhYINkZQ6MOMzGAQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T13:52:26.584451Z"},"content_sha256":"77adcb0ca594483a39db8687a13d70d5bab9d6978fcbeacf06443000946ce174","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:77adcb0ca594483a39db8687a13d70d5bab9d6978fcbeacf06443000946ce174"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZWKMUTTRMGNI/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZWKMUTTRMGNI/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZWKMUTTRMGNI/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-07T13:52:26Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZWKMUTTRMGNI","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZWKMUTTRMGNI/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZWKMUTTRMGNI/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZWKMUTTRMGNI/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2017:DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZWKMUTTRMGNI","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4769fcfaa1f0e8d73a0436670094554a5358425c6b3c21daa3f81a8ddc6d5865","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-03-08T15:32:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"54630e2fc169dcb7dc6391737927dde392b7c6ab8adf759d6c7b007c968fa335"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1703.02874","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1703.02874","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1703.02874v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1703.02874","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DKLVJXBNMHFH","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DKLVJXBNMHFH3LZW","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:10Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DKLVJXBN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:31:10Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:77adcb0ca594483a39db8687a13d70d5bab9d6978fcbeacf06443000946ce174","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"MAC address randomization is a privacy technique whereby mobile devices rotate through random hardware addresses in order to prevent observers from singling out their traffic or physical location from other nearby devices. Adoption of this technology, however, has been sporadic and varied across device manufacturers. In this paper, we present the first wide-scale study of MAC address randomization in the wild, including a detailed breakdown of different randomization techniques by operating system, manufacturer, and model of device.\n  We then identify multiple flaws in these implementations wh","authors_text":"Chadwick Riggins, Collin Donahue, Dane Brown, Erik C. Rye, Jeremy Martin, Lamont Brown, Lucas Foppe, Travis Mayberry","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-03-08T15:32:46Z","title":"A Study of MAC Address Randomization in Mobile Devices and When it Fails"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1703.02874","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:1dbb2e5356103cf4abe9e15165cc99603c31024765f3ad270b3e51e40c37d96a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"4769fcfaa1f0e8d73a0436670094554a5358425c6b3c21daa3f81a8ddc6d5865","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2017-03-08T15:32:46Z","title_canon_sha256":"54630e2fc169dcb7dc6391737927dde392b7c6ab8adf759d6c7b007c968fa335"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1703.02874","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"1a9754dc2d61ca7daf36532939c5866a22da26678bfa0dea6fca35a9308a2d08","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"1a9754dc2d61ca7daf36532939c5866a22da26678bfa0dea6fca35a9308a2d08","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33.253577Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33.253577Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"Cg7OIPkCAK340AlOzKbkd+PpuBVfdRAkrh0UAe/YgyzSoyuEd6DeuthyAOByC6zVBQGC8Ur1f5N0ceh1OlveAg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:47:33.254194Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1703.02874","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:1dbb2e5356103cf4abe9e15165cc99603c31024765f3ad270b3e51e40c37d96a","sha256:77adcb0ca594483a39db8687a13d70d5bab9d6978fcbeacf06443000946ce174"],"state_sha256":"38e97a1089bbd2eda3c9cfca87c03c9b38c2571b706a399ef58999c129d32ffb"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UteF2hr+te36SppctmZj9WNEx9JpYB5nz5+fREqQmmkTXRWYJJZsew4r4KYCj9xuuAmeAteBQ0JAXe56mqfXAw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-07T13:52:26.587920Z","bundle_sha256":"d8807a6715093d9ba97cf14607ff8e3f1a2d5cf5db1087876d30164f7ef0b27c"}}