{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGRKV2V5YTWTC","short_pith_number":"pith:DNPFLQWG","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1108.2325","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2011-08-11T03:53:57Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.chem-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"4e4129bfd7c5f40bed205fb59c433a3ef4cb9386c9f0014df14e98c46fb65566","abstract_canon_sha256":"7fafa89502defe83189adf318465068025733541e73416607b09cca0867826ea"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1b5e55c2c6b5ace85cd155755ee27698bc65f80f2d810d626387f040d8901afc","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1108.2325","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1108.2325","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1108.2325v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1108.2325","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DNPFLQWGWWWO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DNPFLQWG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:26Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGRKV2V5YTWTC","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1108.2325","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2011-08-11T03:53:57Z","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.chem-ph"],"title_canon_sha256":"4e4129bfd7c5f40bed205fb59c433a3ef4cb9386c9f0014df14e98c46fb65566","abstract_canon_sha256":"7fafa89502defe83189adf318465068025733541e73416607b09cca0867826ea"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1b5e55c2c6b5ace85cd155755ee27698bc65f80f2d810d626387f040d8901afc","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55.379350Z","signature_b64":"DFWe3GgkVjXN/lv98QF3CmI+6L9NYo+v1yBs6ZtFz7tkh4OGRYf8EqOI0dOuAsmpzTwCgUGpP+WQuxidxf2oCQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"1b5e55c2c6b5ace85cd155755ee27698bc65f80f2d810d626387f040d8901afc","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55.378625Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55.378625Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1108.2325","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"c5Sqbl1RZOmK0fbwDcLO/NM2mT9MuAbgVkN/g0fsZEOyJkAyQHB5SJB7vEUa+eZ+ZKZNpwzXQ7FASVGErg3uCg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T15:08:48.192890Z"},"content_sha256":"962664c48c3402e2b4782aa04a53b8fbec9681f6e3bc3eb0b70703cbc826940b","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:962664c48c3402e2b4782aa04a53b8fbec9681f6e3bc3eb0b70703cbc826940b"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2011:DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGRKV2V5YTWTC","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Overlimiting current in a microchannel","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["physics.chem-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Ali Mani, Boris Zaltzman, D. S. Deng, E. Victoria Dydek, Isaak Rubinstein, Martin Z. Bazant","submitted_at":"2011-08-11T03:53:57Z","abstract_excerpt":"We revisit the classical problem of diffusion-limited ion transport to a membrane (or electrode) by considering the effects of charged side walls. Using simple mathematical models and numerical simulations, we identify three basic mechanisms for over-limiting current in a microchannel: (i) {\\it surface conduction} carried by excess counterions, which dominates for very thin channels, (ii) convection by {\\it electro-osmotic flow} on the side walls, which dominates for thicker channels and transitions to (iii) {\\it electro-osmotic instability} on the membrane end in very thick channels. These in"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1108.2325","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"o6H44xGjTWTHhDXP1LpErL3FCbekZ2WbPoPWBMhu1M4U90GEUwKuwhEG8IJ4ukT5GojizbnQMrQgwjfb5yvZAg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T15:08:48.193589Z"},"content_sha256":"c48c8e17efa426f9326cd744b9533270c8d6f752bb8829c48a1b67def2a261d0","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c48c8e17efa426f9326cd744b9533270c8d6f752bb8829c48a1b67def2a261d0"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGRKV2V5YTWTC/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGRKV2V5YTWTC/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGRKV2V5YTWTC/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-30T15:08:48Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGRKV2V5YTWTC","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGRKV2V5YTWTC/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGRKV2V5YTWTC/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGRKV2V5YTWTC/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2011:DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGRKV2V5YTWTC","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7fafa89502defe83189adf318465068025733541e73416607b09cca0867826ea","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.chem-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2011-08-11T03:53:57Z","title_canon_sha256":"4e4129bfd7c5f40bed205fb59c433a3ef4cb9386c9f0014df14e98c46fb65566"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1108.2325","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1108.2325","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1108.2325v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1108.2325","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DNPFLQWGWWWO","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DNPFLQWGWWWOQXGR","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:26Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DNPFLQWG","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:26:26Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c48c8e17efa426f9326cd744b9533270c8d6f752bb8829c48a1b67def2a261d0","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"We revisit the classical problem of diffusion-limited ion transport to a membrane (or electrode) by considering the effects of charged side walls. Using simple mathematical models and numerical simulations, we identify three basic mechanisms for over-limiting current in a microchannel: (i) {\\it surface conduction} carried by excess counterions, which dominates for very thin channels, (ii) convection by {\\it electro-osmotic flow} on the side walls, which dominates for thicker channels and transitions to (iii) {\\it electro-osmotic instability} on the membrane end in very thick channels. These in","authors_text":"Ali Mani, Boris Zaltzman, D. S. Deng, E. Victoria Dydek, Isaak Rubinstein, Martin Z. Bazant","cross_cats":["physics.chem-ph"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2011-08-11T03:53:57Z","title":"Overlimiting current in a microchannel"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1108.2325","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:962664c48c3402e2b4782aa04a53b8fbec9681f6e3bc3eb0b70703cbc826940b","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"7fafa89502defe83189adf318465068025733541e73416607b09cca0867826ea","cross_cats_sorted":["physics.chem-ph"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","submitted_at":"2011-08-11T03:53:57Z","title_canon_sha256":"4e4129bfd7c5f40bed205fb59c433a3ef4cb9386c9f0014df14e98c46fb65566"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1108.2325","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"1b5e55c2c6b5ace85cd155755ee27698bc65f80f2d810d626387f040d8901afc","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"1b5e55c2c6b5ace85cd155755ee27698bc65f80f2d810d626387f040d8901afc","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55.378625Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55.378625Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"DFWe3GgkVjXN/lv98QF3CmI+6L9NYo+v1yBs6ZtFz7tkh4OGRYf8EqOI0dOuAsmpzTwCgUGpP+WQuxidxf2oCQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T02:00:55.379350Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1108.2325","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:962664c48c3402e2b4782aa04a53b8fbec9681f6e3bc3eb0b70703cbc826940b","sha256:c48c8e17efa426f9326cd744b9533270c8d6f752bb8829c48a1b67def2a261d0"],"state_sha256":"83ba8613a89c0f94e276d66600d2540883f28be8d5d68c334968d2d952ec69d0"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"uaupWt51Tka680ti0QwailiCGFNVJxXuxcVFFBkPaY0QOr8p9BWzCILpVqRLKmm9dC6N1jre0RyW2yHfaVe5Cw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-30T15:08:48.197724Z","bundle_sha256":"06b733343206a320acc0b9eb25fc9581761d31befeac88fcba53e539a7ac8143"}}