{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:DOOJLYFKXECJHVP35LAWUD4C6S","short_pith_number":"pith:DOOJLYFK","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2204.05239","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-04-11T16:34:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e4a2f7670d2a392d3fcb74e83d351a4097422b86016ee53a3dfca8d2350f5303","abstract_canon_sha256":"5d43f55783d998d4886e1fd6dbd0399da47dae17a024f230dfd2e6fd2faea29f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1b9c95e0aab90493d5fbeac16a0f82f48bd19612b5c6193c6ad0ae2bf777c3e2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2204.05239","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2204.05239","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2204.05239v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2204.05239","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DOOJLYFKXECJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DOOJLYFKXECJHVP3","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DOOJLYFK","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:DOOJLYFKXECJHVP35LAWUD4C6S","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2204.05239","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-04-11T16:34:10Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"e4a2f7670d2a392d3fcb74e83d351a4097422b86016ee53a3dfca8d2350f5303","abstract_canon_sha256":"5d43f55783d998d4886e1fd6dbd0399da47dae17a024f230dfd2e6fd2faea29f"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1b9c95e0aab90493d5fbeac16a0f82f48bd19612b5c6193c6ad0ae2bf777c3e2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19.465925Z","signature_b64":"5oA4POMz7+oM9AzlLPu62Apfsr08WG34EIHvrKWYTbRSmsp7IXg/jGHgh+6CX6T7YcHh8EfuJu1uzf5+mI6NBg==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"1b9c95e0aab90493d5fbeac16a0f82f48bd19612b5c6193c6ad0ae2bf777c3e2","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19.465416Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19.465416Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2204.05239","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"TEbeDucdkLbBSR1FR/pHCpvUDstgWiv/SMIMdH5A2eNPLo0Hwdbgme1/EhPH5pNOg8vDnbxvbhSbvbSmgrs2Bw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T23:17:11.231831Z"},"content_sha256":"3aaef58c4198002242133b8b8afed5cc4e04de6a651d35c1b9cc6dcb87f563a3","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:3aaef58c4198002242133b8b8afed5cc4e04de6a651d35c1b9cc6dcb87f563a3"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2022:DOOJLYFKXECJHVP35LAWUD4C6S","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Exploring the Universal Vulnerability of Prompt-based Learning Paradigm","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Ganqu Cui, Hongcheng Gao, Lei Xu, Yangyi Chen, Zhiyuan Liu","submitted_at":"2022-04-11T16:34:10Z","abstract_excerpt":"Prompt-based learning paradigm bridges the gap between pre-training and fine-tuning, and works effectively under the few-shot setting. However, we find that this learning paradigm inherits the vulnerability from the pre-training stage, where model predictions can be misled by inserting certain triggers into the text. In this paper, we explore this universal vulnerability by either injecting backdoor triggers or searching for adversarial triggers on pre-trained language models using only plain text. In both scenarios, we demonstrate that our triggers can totally control or severely decrease the"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2204.05239","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2204.05239/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"IO4HjQi4Zz8cbFVVpMeJYTtRaflnsZwlLmE1EmYRyKcWx0i4zqAsfVZyXRmJUvE+64UmhvYwBWWsnU37vKlcCw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T23:17:11.232813Z"},"content_sha256":"ba699ae8149e0c552f007bf70df4e09dc63cbfa6b5f63da1d0060d71afb0bd4c","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:ba699ae8149e0c552f007bf70df4e09dc63cbfa6b5f63da1d0060d71afb0bd4c"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DOOJLYFKXECJHVP35LAWUD4C6S/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DOOJLYFKXECJHVP35LAWUD4C6S/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DOOJLYFKXECJHVP35LAWUD4C6S/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-05T23:17:11Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/DOOJLYFKXECJHVP35LAWUD4C6S","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/DOOJLYFKXECJHVP35LAWUD4C6S/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/DOOJLYFKXECJHVP35LAWUD4C6S/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DOOJLYFKXECJHVP35LAWUD4C6S/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2022:DOOJLYFKXECJHVP35LAWUD4C6S","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5d43f55783d998d4886e1fd6dbd0399da47dae17a024f230dfd2e6fd2faea29f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-04-11T16:34:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"e4a2f7670d2a392d3fcb74e83d351a4097422b86016ee53a3dfca8d2350f5303"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2204.05239","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2204.05239","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2204.05239v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2204.05239","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DOOJLYFKXECJ","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DOOJLYFKXECJHVP3","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DOOJLYFK","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:ba699ae8149e0c552f007bf70df4e09dc63cbfa6b5f63da1d0060d71afb0bd4c","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2204.05239/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Prompt-based learning paradigm bridges the gap between pre-training and fine-tuning, and works effectively under the few-shot setting. However, we find that this learning paradigm inherits the vulnerability from the pre-training stage, where model predictions can be misled by inserting certain triggers into the text. In this paper, we explore this universal vulnerability by either injecting backdoor triggers or searching for adversarial triggers on pre-trained language models using only plain text. In both scenarios, we demonstrate that our triggers can totally control or severely decrease the","authors_text":"Ganqu Cui, Hongcheng Gao, Lei Xu, Yangyi Chen, Zhiyuan Liu","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-04-11T16:34:10Z","title":"Exploring the Universal Vulnerability of Prompt-based Learning Paradigm"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2204.05239","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:3aaef58c4198002242133b8b8afed5cc4e04de6a651d35c1b9cc6dcb87f563a3","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"5d43f55783d998d4886e1fd6dbd0399da47dae17a024f230dfd2e6fd2faea29f","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2022-04-11T16:34:10Z","title_canon_sha256":"e4a2f7670d2a392d3fcb74e83d351a4097422b86016ee53a3dfca8d2350f5303"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2204.05239","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"1b9c95e0aab90493d5fbeac16a0f82f48bd19612b5c6193c6ad0ae2bf777c3e2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"1b9c95e0aab90493d5fbeac16a0f82f48bd19612b5c6193c6ad0ae2bf777c3e2","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19.465416Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19.465416Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"5oA4POMz7+oM9AzlLPu62Apfsr08WG34EIHvrKWYTbRSmsp7IXg/jGHgh+6CX6T7YcHh8EfuJu1uzf5+mI6NBg==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T04:13:19.465925Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2204.05239","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:3aaef58c4198002242133b8b8afed5cc4e04de6a651d35c1b9cc6dcb87f563a3","sha256:ba699ae8149e0c552f007bf70df4e09dc63cbfa6b5f63da1d0060d71afb0bd4c"],"state_sha256":"e96d4bbfaa778873fbb345292823de4674b9b626e8db4aebedd9cc5b5c1893b9"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jIRRJjWmbEkMzQtTMtXs3YBwTEhBwvwh5Tu7M67zJx0/5k5FvVHQSdX2Ziu95yPkyKD1dRi3YcgUiJzTDGmqDg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-05T23:17:11.239339Z","bundle_sha256":"9d87dae519a4253ec68269e3a3b1d9da65e043dc14b17ede5750987a76eac65d"}}