{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42CH2CCXYWFS","short_pith_number":"pith:DPR7AR7P","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2404.18154","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-28T12:11:34Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT","cs.IT","math.IT"],"title_canon_sha256":"2fdb00a57b78affbb87fe3c6760c49c5a35a32bbca658c6adca7dfa904725ace","abstract_canon_sha256":"e1c6c00aa226447f36825a8fb56beac25e8030920f4ddd13cfa2cc946cf30494"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1be3f047ef024be8e79a11f4215f162c8c7689a150c98b7ec34b84b80e8e0786","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2404.18154","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2404.18154","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2404.18154v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.18154","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DPR7AR7PAJF6","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DPR7AR7P","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42CH2CCXYWFS","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2404.18154","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-28T12:11:34Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT","cs.IT","math.IT"],"title_canon_sha256":"2fdb00a57b78affbb87fe3c6760c49c5a35a32bbca658c6adca7dfa904725ace","abstract_canon_sha256":"e1c6c00aa226447f36825a8fb56beac25e8030920f4ddd13cfa2cc946cf30494"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1be3f047ef024be8e79a11f4215f162c8c7689a150c98b7ec34b84b80e8e0786","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52.664468Z","signature_b64":"s0PM5LiYASOrNLU5NDZuw21czxf7Ph9W4dJRfjHOVzDAhjRLkDU+sBPub1SdapEsVQHzaNFlYwY6xvu9CFH5AQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"1be3f047ef024be8e79a11f4215f162c8c7689a150c98b7ec34b84b80e8e0786","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52.663969Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52.663969Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2404.18154","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"kgBfeabF9/3A5Zbo9djtURCFJxlKz20BKLuY9gXAKMZvB6KQIbuPmdiD6P1x25ohqTHCfXYxu1fd6Ac1xZbzDg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T07:01:26.269346Z"},"content_sha256":"369789721246c9c75cabc32b15b411484cb182385098dfb1fd4fd4a8f32a6d9a","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:369789721246c9c75cabc32b15b411484cb182385098dfb1fd4fd4a8f32a6d9a"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42CH2CCXYWFS","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Explaining vague language","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.GT","cs.IT","math.IT"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Benjamin Spector, Paul \\'Egr\\'e","submitted_at":"2024-04-28T12:11:34Z","abstract_excerpt":"Why is language vague? Vagueness may be explained and rationalized if it can be shown that vague language is more useful to speaker and hearer than precise language. In a well-known paper, Lipman proposes a game-theoretic account of vagueness in terms of mixed strategy that leads to a puzzle: vagueness cannot be strictly better than precision at equilibrium. More recently, \\'Egr\\'e, Spector, Mortier and Verheyen have put forward a Bayesian account of vagueness establishing that using vague words can be strictly more informative than using precise words. This paper proposes to compare both resu"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2404.18154","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2404.18154/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9XivCc+u2vgEb51RtseeulvVQHn6hpRiMsGYP2HYqJlL6blcCQe33vU0rxHhphZExA4fEfw+Ti5ozBuM66grBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T07:01:26.269938Z"},"content_sha256":"4a270a870d90c61f05b2afca0e9186eee92f278f1e5e1e0ccca56c8cdcd81cae","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4a270a870d90c61f05b2afca0e9186eee92f278f1e5e1e0ccca56c8cdcd81cae"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42CH2CCXYWFS/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42CH2CCXYWFS/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42CH2CCXYWFS/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-23T07:01:26Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42CH2CCXYWFS","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42CH2CCXYWFS/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42CH2CCXYWFS/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42CH2CCXYWFS/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42CH2CCXYWFS","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e1c6c00aa226447f36825a8fb56beac25e8030920f4ddd13cfa2cc946cf30494","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT","cs.IT","math.IT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-28T12:11:34Z","title_canon_sha256":"2fdb00a57b78affbb87fe3c6760c49c5a35a32bbca658c6adca7dfa904725ace"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2404.18154","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2404.18154","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2404.18154v2","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2404.18154","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DPR7AR7PAJF6","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DPR7AR7PAJF6RZ42","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DPR7AR7P","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4a270a870d90c61f05b2afca0e9186eee92f278f1e5e1e0ccca56c8cdcd81cae","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2404.18154/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Why is language vague? Vagueness may be explained and rationalized if it can be shown that vague language is more useful to speaker and hearer than precise language. In a well-known paper, Lipman proposes a game-theoretic account of vagueness in terms of mixed strategy that leads to a puzzle: vagueness cannot be strictly better than precision at equilibrium. More recently, \\'Egr\\'e, Spector, Mortier and Verheyen have put forward a Bayesian account of vagueness establishing that using vague words can be strictly more informative than using precise words. This paper proposes to compare both resu","authors_text":"Benjamin Spector, Paul \\'Egr\\'e","cross_cats":["cs.GT","cs.IT","math.IT"],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-28T12:11:34Z","title":"Explaining vague language"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2404.18154","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:369789721246c9c75cabc32b15b411484cb182385098dfb1fd4fd4a8f32a6d9a","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"e1c6c00aa226447f36825a8fb56beac25e8030920f4ddd13cfa2cc946cf30494","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.GT","cs.IT","math.IT"],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-04-28T12:11:34Z","title_canon_sha256":"2fdb00a57b78affbb87fe3c6760c49c5a35a32bbca658c6adca7dfa904725ace"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2404.18154","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"1be3f047ef024be8e79a11f4215f162c8c7689a150c98b7ec34b84b80e8e0786","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"1be3f047ef024be8e79a11f4215f162c8c7689a150c98b7ec34b84b80e8e0786","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52.663969Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52.663969Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"s0PM5LiYASOrNLU5NDZuw21czxf7Ph9W4dJRfjHOVzDAhjRLkDU+sBPub1SdapEsVQHzaNFlYwY6xvu9CFH5AQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T11:45:52.664468Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2404.18154","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:369789721246c9c75cabc32b15b411484cb182385098dfb1fd4fd4a8f32a6d9a","sha256:4a270a870d90c61f05b2afca0e9186eee92f278f1e5e1e0ccca56c8cdcd81cae"],"state_sha256":"8cba19c7448fb9c81638ba6c67f2b68b6670bc7e23fecb19e45209c118f3d11a"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"Zq6xTAhwpwd5m7tfx+BPzGQqNqJxfYk6CoIh25Rous3VWz6/KgeucCBcIsuZsc69Ln33bBxNfUafSUntOx28AA==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-23T07:01:26.273066Z","bundle_sha256":"829f7e2352deed982edf1c4b44dfa4dbde8e8bdd8604d9543e2f62e06b333651"}}