{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQDKSKHCZNBU","short_pith_number":"pith:DREO4DF2","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.02404","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2016-09-08T13:04:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"5f16de9b592d58300a28d9e83cf79319b07b1a089132f0e62aa74d83c3e924c5","abstract_canon_sha256":"cbfec11be9ba1846bd3f500a5f584d3a94e65f1779234d4a0b57442c31e69b7a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1c48ee0cba34e0d169b01aa4a38b2d0d3c68813de5fd75d86d21b10a45a04ff8","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1609.02404","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.02404","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.02404v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.02404","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DREO4DF2GTQN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DREO4DF2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:12Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQDKSKHCZNBU","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1609.02404","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2016-09-08T13:04:37Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"5f16de9b592d58300a28d9e83cf79319b07b1a089132f0e62aa74d83c3e924c5","abstract_canon_sha256":"cbfec11be9ba1846bd3f500a5f584d3a94e65f1779234d4a0b57442c31e69b7a"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1c48ee0cba34e0d169b01aa4a38b2d0d3c68813de5fd75d86d21b10a45a04ff8","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54.739642Z","signature_b64":"y8pVUo2tXZyPgwwxk8Xy7HfAXCsX6KGWvzD93QTQhozAp4F3rH3QWtIChiV76N1kKzDbkS5DCbl+TrBRwIVVDA==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"1c48ee0cba34e0d169b01aa4a38b2d0d3c68813de5fd75d86d21b10a45a04ff8","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54.739002Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54.739002Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1609.02404","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"dlVjVMrXLsoBvKg7HPDvJrqr4JeS6zmQiGtt4yEMmwCaDfUMmXJQeSgHoIFyARmB1WN7SOdK9obHQmPZ+fHsBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T07:07:57.859594Z"},"content_sha256":"127f8c8b2657a2518bf09e5d0a86f9af983c7bd99b84efa63c48649e7b406265","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:127f8c8b2657a2518bf09e5d0a86f9af983c7bd99b84efa63c48649e7b406265"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2016:DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQDKSKHCZNBU","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"ITect: Scalable Information Theoretic Similarity for Malware Detection","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"cs.CR","authors_text":"David Clark, Earl Barr, Hector D. Menendez, Sukriti Bhattacharya","submitted_at":"2016-09-08T13:04:37Z","abstract_excerpt":"Malware creators have been getting their way for too long now. String-based similarity measures can leverage ground truth in a scalable way and can operate at a level of abstraction that is difficult to combat from the code level. We introduce ITect, a scalable approach to malware similarity detection based on information theory. ITect targets file entropy patterns in different ways to achieve 100% precision with 90% accuracy but it could target 100% recall instead. It outperforms VirusTotal for precision and accuracy on combined Kaggle and VirusShare malware."},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.02404","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"aF0a9ehiqHJDRw8jehMM4Yh6CGilHnT6oLWLdcYpxODdL15e5geQp6NXGiWheOZGhEuRAvkbP8A9ZhxUOan8Cw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T07:07:57.860304Z"},"content_sha256":"2a5c0b2b77f5bbf77c28f1f1084824a19434b2abe14cabd55f8459893722c526","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:2a5c0b2b77f5bbf77c28f1f1084824a19434b2abe14cabd55f8459893722c526"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQDKSKHCZNBU/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQDKSKHCZNBU/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQDKSKHCZNBU/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-05-26T07:07:57Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQDKSKHCZNBU","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQDKSKHCZNBU/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQDKSKHCZNBU/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQDKSKHCZNBU/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2016:DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQDKSKHCZNBU","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cbfec11be9ba1846bd3f500a5f584d3a94e65f1779234d4a0b57442c31e69b7a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2016-09-08T13:04:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"5f16de9b592d58300a28d9e83cf79319b07b1a089132f0e62aa74d83c3e924c5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.02404","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1609.02404","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1609.02404v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1609.02404","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DREO4DF2GTQN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DREO4DF2GTQNC2NQ","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:12Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DREO4DF2","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:30:12Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:2a5c0b2b77f5bbf77c28f1f1084824a19434b2abe14cabd55f8459893722c526","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"Malware creators have been getting their way for too long now. String-based similarity measures can leverage ground truth in a scalable way and can operate at a level of abstraction that is difficult to combat from the code level. We introduce ITect, a scalable approach to malware similarity detection based on information theory. ITect targets file entropy patterns in different ways to achieve 100% precision with 90% accuracy but it could target 100% recall instead. It outperforms VirusTotal for precision and accuracy on combined Kaggle and VirusShare malware.","authors_text":"David Clark, Earl Barr, Hector D. Menendez, Sukriti Bhattacharya","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2016-09-08T13:04:37Z","title":"ITect: Scalable Information Theoretic Similarity for Malware Detection"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1609.02404","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:127f8c8b2657a2518bf09e5d0a86f9af983c7bd99b84efa63c48649e7b406265","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"cbfec11be9ba1846bd3f500a5f584d3a94e65f1779234d4a0b57442c31e69b7a","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CR","submitted_at":"2016-09-08T13:04:37Z","title_canon_sha256":"5f16de9b592d58300a28d9e83cf79319b07b1a089132f0e62aa74d83c3e924c5"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1609.02404","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"1c48ee0cba34e0d169b01aa4a38b2d0d3c68813de5fd75d86d21b10a45a04ff8","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"1c48ee0cba34e0d169b01aa4a38b2d0d3c68813de5fd75d86d21b10a45a04ff8","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54.739002Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54.739002Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"y8pVUo2tXZyPgwwxk8Xy7HfAXCsX6KGWvzD93QTQhozAp4F3rH3QWtIChiV76N1kKzDbkS5DCbl+TrBRwIVVDA==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:04:54.739642Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1609.02404","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:127f8c8b2657a2518bf09e5d0a86f9af983c7bd99b84efa63c48649e7b406265","sha256:2a5c0b2b77f5bbf77c28f1f1084824a19434b2abe14cabd55f8459893722c526"],"state_sha256":"f8136e05a2cf4a96ad551eeafe7d4ab4f9e315e309442eecff1a7b0748f1e42c"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ZV2oohdAZPEJTUmAHdUGxzwezNfdFRdL7sTg5m14bBxNlFTFrLKe1I6A+BaskMuXuSE8OVq/Q5nBSkTpMC2DCg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-05-26T07:07:57.863975Z","bundle_sha256":"9ca2524591ac46c1cbf70e01d0c372af395d2d1bb0fc57ca90a28654faa6fc1d"}}