{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN3GY74PMBF3","short_pith_number":"pith:DXGJDJHT","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1807.03592","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2018-07-10T12:34:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"69b700e7a839fed67cdf624c0d27235784e514ba69eb482a315caff23e4a1809","abstract_canon_sha256":"d81bc9fcc4a26702aacf31d27d75b745afbafe652c1282a3a07175aa2fbf3fca"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1dcc91a4f32a124c892dd9b1fe3d812ee5574b5296aed3671baf39d9eb4fe4a9","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1807.03592","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1807.03592","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1807.03592v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1807.03592","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DXGJDJHTFIJE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DXGJDJHT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN3GY74PMBF3","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1807.03592","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2018-07-10T12:34:02Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"69b700e7a839fed67cdf624c0d27235784e514ba69eb482a315caff23e4a1809","abstract_canon_sha256":"d81bc9fcc4a26702aacf31d27d75b745afbafe652c1282a3a07175aa2fbf3fca"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"1dcc91a4f32a124c892dd9b1fe3d812ee5574b5296aed3671baf39d9eb4fe4a9","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09.931433Z","signature_b64":"fCLGcVw7k438+YWnAbR1L8O7H4p6wW/hNM1ny4SxeibQ/st9ARmE15FB4bfxYjObPILss4jMygd+1G1400Z6Dw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"1dcc91a4f32a124c892dd9b1fe3d812ee5574b5296aed3671baf39d9eb4fe4a9","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09.930811Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09.930811Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1807.03592","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"9Y1VpxBSAaWGJuHdmIn7AbMi0eAxAY0bOpi+etwoB+S5MmFSs1AtfNUV1Ld2xflkKDJ/juXcCJ9jKYYd+wknBg==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T21:54:38.562313Z"},"content_sha256":"75fd47c1d9cf1f94de08af3f905ac1d69f9519f6b893087676ceb03abad5e3ef","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:75fd47c1d9cf1f94de08af3f905ac1d69f9519f6b893087676ceb03abad5e3ef"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2018:DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN3GY74PMBF3","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Estimating Wealth Distribution: Top Tail and Inequality","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"stat.AP","authors_text":"Christoph Dalitz","submitted_at":"2018-07-10T12:34:02Z","abstract_excerpt":"This article describes mathematical methods for estimating the top-tail of the wealth distribution and therefrom the share of total wealth that the richest $p$ percent hold, which is an intuitive measure of inequality. As the data base for the top-tail of the wealth distribution is inevitably less complete than the data for lower wealth, the top-tail distribution is replaced by a parametric model based on a Pareto distribution. The different methods for estimating the parameters are compared and new simulations are presented which favor the maximum-likelihood estimator for the Pareto parameter"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1807.03592","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UTVXK7NnqVzTj0vN9N0CAbByjt+fpC5Zvn/G8/az+zdWuqX2YaRzsvUAavR3nEkt8bZZhxdaMu7phPDsbd12AA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T21:54:38.562677Z"},"content_sha256":"c0db6b2e72f5ece1445b4393ec84c1316dc19f57932bfc85c9531901704496ed","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:c0db6b2e72f5ece1445b4393ec84c1316dc19f57932bfc85c9531901704496ed"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN3GY74PMBF3/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN3GY74PMBF3/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN3GY74PMBF3/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-02T21:54:38Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN3GY74PMBF3","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN3GY74PMBF3/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN3GY74PMBF3/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN3GY74PMBF3/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2018:DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN3GY74PMBF3","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d81bc9fcc4a26702aacf31d27d75b745afbafe652c1282a3a07175aa2fbf3fca","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2018-07-10T12:34:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"69b700e7a839fed67cdf624c0d27235784e514ba69eb482a315caff23e4a1809"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1807.03592","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1807.03592","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1807.03592v1","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1807.03592","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"DXGJDJHTFIJE","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"DXGJDJHTFIJEZCJN","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"DXGJDJHT","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:32:19Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:c0db6b2e72f5ece1445b4393ec84c1316dc19f57932bfc85c9531901704496ed","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"This article describes mathematical methods for estimating the top-tail of the wealth distribution and therefrom the share of total wealth that the richest $p$ percent hold, which is an intuitive measure of inequality. As the data base for the top-tail of the wealth distribution is inevitably less complete than the data for lower wealth, the top-tail distribution is replaced by a parametric model based on a Pareto distribution. The different methods for estimating the parameters are compared and new simulations are presented which favor the maximum-likelihood estimator for the Pareto parameter","authors_text":"Christoph Dalitz","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2018-07-10T12:34:02Z","title":"Estimating Wealth Distribution: Top Tail and Inequality"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1807.03592","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:75fd47c1d9cf1f94de08af3f905ac1d69f9519f6b893087676ceb03abad5e3ef","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"d81bc9fcc4a26702aacf31d27d75b745afbafe652c1282a3a07175aa2fbf3fca","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"stat.AP","submitted_at":"2018-07-10T12:34:02Z","title_canon_sha256":"69b700e7a839fed67cdf624c0d27235784e514ba69eb482a315caff23e4a1809"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1807.03592","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"1dcc91a4f32a124c892dd9b1fe3d812ee5574b5296aed3671baf39d9eb4fe4a9","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"1dcc91a4f32a124c892dd9b1fe3d812ee5574b5296aed3671baf39d9eb4fe4a9","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09.930811Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09.930811Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"fCLGcVw7k438+YWnAbR1L8O7H4p6wW/hNM1ny4SxeibQ/st9ARmE15FB4bfxYjObPILss4jMygd+1G1400Z6Dw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T00:11:09.931433Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1807.03592","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:75fd47c1d9cf1f94de08af3f905ac1d69f9519f6b893087676ceb03abad5e3ef","sha256:c0db6b2e72f5ece1445b4393ec84c1316dc19f57932bfc85c9531901704496ed"],"state_sha256":"e282cb22ed1bf42e63274594eb287c557060669db65da836cc7f5390ad88ca40"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"D10gKxLDye2XWQwQQZz5blOa0Lk8kKe4yV2xE6B5OoZfQZzI41JPGVrhCOwboVuVxNVX21H4RCEPzujpMJlVDw==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-02T21:54:38.564629Z","bundle_sha256":"1a32c93aa34b22982d7ddae0be1fa4a3a68768b69520310196348231b0d751d0"}}