{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQDJTIZUFBHRE","short_pith_number":"pith:E4W2DICS","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1205.6137","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2012-05-28T15:05:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"221f29620702b6d2b76de59b43bb4b928335c82ab38d2b87bfe05e567bc97fa4","abstract_canon_sha256":"041cb113307f73ca07d04df5fa8eaf9a1075496ad5c4750e778d5eceb00bd15d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"272da1a052b27cd182034cd19a142789036a4c6cf2cd55e8bcc881e457a862d2","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"1205.6137","version":2},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1205.6137","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1205.6137v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1205.6137","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"E4W2DICSWJ6N","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"E4W2DICS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQDJTIZUFBHRE","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"1205.6137","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"metadata":{"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2012-05-28T15:05:20Z","cross_cats_sorted":[],"title_canon_sha256":"221f29620702b6d2b76de59b43bb4b928335c82ab38d2b87bfe05e567bc97fa4","abstract_canon_sha256":"041cb113307f73ca07d04df5fa8eaf9a1075496ad5c4750e778d5eceb00bd15d"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"272da1a052b27cd182034cd19a142789036a4c6cf2cd55e8bcc881e457a862d2","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16.565629Z","signature_b64":"ekPZZAFqSbygyKuCPKPYyffjRXjwhU/99MoXH/AwpQoYZY3lXwG+R5Y3sMmCAGFiMCQUB/pKbkKQIMTJ7lsOAQ==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"272da1a052b27cd182034cd19a142789036a4c6cf2cd55e8bcc881e457a862d2","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16.565147Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16.565147Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"1205.6137","source_version":2,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"iIF6OQTI2tosFiSABq3bcDwyygihAawtmBJ5Zt1yk1Z9IzH8MExA0LbXXT2iWNfE2u07YhCsMU5kgve4aBezCA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T07:27:30.094442Z"},"content_sha256":"95e111b593bad3c03a649c5ca9e19c58f8140e1133322a1b479d7f2719a95d7f","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:95e111b593bad3c03a649c5ca9e19c58f8140e1133322a1b479d7f2719a95d7f"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2012:E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQDJTIZUFBHRE","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"Impact of grain size distributions on the dust enrichment in high-redshift quasars","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Hiroyuki Hirashita, Tzu-Ming Kuo","submitted_at":"2012-05-28T15:05:20Z","abstract_excerpt":"In high-redshift ($z>5$) quasars, a large amount of dust ($\\textstyle\\sim 10^{8} \\mathrm{M}_{\\sun}$) has been observed. In order to explain the large dust content, we focus on a possibility that grain growth by the accretion of heavy elements is the dominant dust source. We adopt a chemical evolution model applicable to nearby galaxies but utilize parameters adequate to high-$z$ quasars. It is assumed that metals and dust are predominantly ejected by Type II supernovae (SNe). We have found that grain growth strongly depends on the grain size distribution. If we simply use the size distribution"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1205.6137","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"xvIucaXQcCPfmK9bNgyW20VNErMvb2WORE0O1H7s/ITVx2Km6Cw75HVOHlwnf9OjAWCakFivyEF25lcWe9aPCQ==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T07:27:30.095081Z"},"content_sha256":"4a9ea24f78ad2de61189892f4774667bcbadb0511a4cf5a30c783c82b71e2349","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:4a9ea24f78ad2de61189892f4774667bcbadb0511a4cf5a30c783c82b71e2349"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQDJTIZUFBHRE/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQDJTIZUFBHRE/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQDJTIZUFBHRE/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-06-09T07:27:30Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQDJTIZUFBHRE","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQDJTIZUFBHRE/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQDJTIZUFBHRE/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQDJTIZUFBHRE/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2012:E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQDJTIZUFBHRE","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"041cb113307f73ca07d04df5fa8eaf9a1075496ad5c4750e778d5eceb00bd15d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2012-05-28T15:05:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"221f29620702b6d2b76de59b43bb4b928335c82ab38d2b87bfe05e567bc97fa4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1205.6137","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"1205.6137","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"1205.6137v2","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.1205.6137","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"E4W2DICSWJ6N","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"E4W2DICSWJ6NDAQD","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"E4W2DICS","created_at":"2026-05-18T12:27:04Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:4a9ea24f78ad2de61189892f4774667bcbadb0511a4cf5a30c783c82b71e2349","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"In high-redshift ($z>5$) quasars, a large amount of dust ($\\textstyle\\sim 10^{8} \\mathrm{M}_{\\sun}$) has been observed. In order to explain the large dust content, we focus on a possibility that grain growth by the accretion of heavy elements is the dominant dust source. We adopt a chemical evolution model applicable to nearby galaxies but utilize parameters adequate to high-$z$ quasars. It is assumed that metals and dust are predominantly ejected by Type II supernovae (SNe). We have found that grain growth strongly depends on the grain size distribution. If we simply use the size distribution","authors_text":"Hiroyuki Hirashita, Tzu-Ming Kuo","cross_cats":[],"headline":"","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2012-05-28T15:05:20Z","title":"Impact of grain size distributions on the dust enrichment in high-redshift quasars"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1205.6137","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:95e111b593bad3c03a649c5ca9e19c58f8140e1133322a1b479d7f2719a95d7f","target":"record","created_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"041cb113307f73ca07d04df5fa8eaf9a1075496ad5c4750e778d5eceb00bd15d","cross_cats_sorted":[],"license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2012-05-28T15:05:20Z","title_canon_sha256":"221f29620702b6d2b76de59b43bb4b928335c82ab38d2b87bfe05e567bc97fa4"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"1205.6137","kind":"arxiv","version":2}},"canonical_sha256":"272da1a052b27cd182034cd19a142789036a4c6cf2cd55e8bcc881e457a862d2","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"272da1a052b27cd182034cd19a142789036a4c6cf2cd55e8bcc881e457a862d2","first_computed_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16.565147Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16.565147Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"ekPZZAFqSbygyKuCPKPYyffjRXjwhU/99MoXH/AwpQoYZY3lXwG+R5Y3sMmCAGFiMCQUB/pKbkKQIMTJ7lsOAQ==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-05-18T01:57:16.565629Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"1205.6137","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":2}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:95e111b593bad3c03a649c5ca9e19c58f8140e1133322a1b479d7f2719a95d7f","sha256:4a9ea24f78ad2de61189892f4774667bcbadb0511a4cf5a30c783c82b71e2349"],"state_sha256":"fbaa2efd020dbb92b6e8b36e3d5e293280e0146286ae32b34fdf2ba6e5dae015"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"g0zj4l1Bd0mQ+Bw4sD3O+7eM7XplIT+uGToUyxMypkUM4SLBn72wy1NDXGhWD4Bnbnoh20COViv7We1zwxMECQ==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-06-09T07:27:30.098358Z","bundle_sha256":"8498e397bf8bf0d7b0cbe3c61e28596eef3a59f667700a9056bd10f358caf82a"}}