{"bundle_type":"pith_open_graph_bundle","bundle_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IEMVMAOKK3Q4","short_pith_number":"pith:E5TLL7EL","canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2411.05025","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-10-30T04:25:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.DL","cs.HC"],"title_canon_sha256":"01851cc1d3e514ea5481d86ecc54a5eed2d4b67f67a669a1105e516d381f56c9","abstract_canon_sha256":"9f07502d92d039e57ccba3e8ce8023c5d3471eb6b901a1bdfcc7946c8484f2b7"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2766b5fc8b0a3ab8ed04655807295b871a4b323f766df1ec9154245ec5b33a0a","source":{"kind":"arxiv","id":"2411.05025","version":1},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2411.05025","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2411.05025v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.05025","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"E5TLL7ELBI5L","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IE","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"E5TLL7EL","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"}],"events":[{"event_type":"record_created","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IEMVMAOKK3Q4","target":"record","payload":{"canonical_record":{"source":{"id":"2411.05025","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"metadata":{"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-10-30T04:25:23Z","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.DL","cs.HC"],"title_canon_sha256":"01851cc1d3e514ea5481d86ecc54a5eed2d4b67f67a669a1105e516d381f56c9","abstract_canon_sha256":"9f07502d92d039e57ccba3e8ce8023c5d3471eb6b901a1bdfcc7946c8484f2b7"},"schema_version":"1.0"},"canonical_sha256":"2766b5fc8b0a3ab8ed04655807295b871a4b323f766df1ec9154245ec5b33a0a","receipt":{"kind":"pith_receipt","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51.246669Z","signature_b64":"zDQWOgV8RNCAy+1mafxLyeeXEItmztwoyoAHJi+QhREyxKxc7z379GiDdtQtSUotKUYINiPQp5lEBW5vua5rCw==","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","receipt_version":"0.3","canonical_sha256":"2766b5fc8b0a3ab8ed04655807295b871a4b323f766df1ec9154245ec5b33a0a","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51.246144Z","signature_status":"signed_v1","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51.246144Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"source_kind":"arxiv","source_id":"2411.05025","source_version":1,"attestation_state":"computed"},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"ITzLwN/sJD/goSeEJH96KGXyxb+MtaO/bb80/zq7T42BX3RzxJk9vQfpgQJq1ztUWbYywtNUE+xQ9sVCFGVPBw==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-01T01:53:57.887465Z"},"content_sha256":"37fd2409c792bedf91ce0d75076640c71e8f370c1211bedac1e08d823ff5a47d","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:37fd2409c792bedf91ce0d75076640c71e8f370c1211bedac1e08d823ff5a47d"},{"event_type":"graph_snapshot","subject_pith_number":"pith:2024:E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IEMVMAOKK3Q4","target":"graph","payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"paper":{"title":"LLMs as Research Tools: A Large Scale Survey of Researchers' Usage and Perceptions","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.DL","cs.HC"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Ai-Heng Lee, Amy X. Zhang, Evie Yu-Yen Cheng, Inyoung Cheong, Joseph Chee Chang, Kyle Lo, Maria Antoniak, Zhehui Liao","submitted_at":"2024-10-30T04:25:23Z","abstract_excerpt":"The rise of large language models (LLMs) has led many researchers to consider their usage for scientific work. Some have found benefits using LLMs to augment or automate aspects of their research pipeline, while others have urged caution due to risks and ethical concerns. Yet little work has sought to quantify and characterize how researchers use LLMs and why. We present the first large-scale survey of 816 verified research article authors to understand how the research community leverages and perceives LLMs as research tools. We examine participants' self-reported LLM usage, finding that 81% "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2411.05025","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2411.05025/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"},"verdict_id":null},"signer":{"signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54"},"created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z","supersedes":[],"prev_event":null,"signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"jafqYq5scckzZf9yjOEjyYd7K5NiryjD4ykSZttW+0hC07BDsvjHb8XbINoXWO4HaJIy+pCoGxn+EZt1vTnpBA==","signed_message":"open_graph_event_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-01T01:53:57.887752Z"},"content_sha256":"995373e0f87907690a615671c72da09cdedc3a4dffe9e5792c828b1b2be446cf","schema_version":"1.0","event_id":"sha256:995373e0f87907690a615671c72da09cdedc3a4dffe9e5792c828b1b2be446cf"}],"timestamp_proofs":[],"mirror_hints":[{"mirror_type":"https","name":"Pith Resolver","base_url":"https://pith.science","bundle_url":"https://pith.science/pith/E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IEMVMAOKK3Q4/bundle.json","state_url":"https://pith.science/pith/E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IEMVMAOKK3Q4/state.json","well_known_bundle_url":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IEMVMAOKK3Q4/bundle.json","status":"primary"}],"public_keys":[{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","algorithm":"ed25519","format":"raw","public_key_b64":"stVStoiQhXFxp4s2pdzPNoqVNBMojDU/fJ2db5S3CbM=","public_key_hex":"b2d552b68890857171a78b36a5dccf368a953413288c353f7c9d9d6f94b709b3","fingerprint_sha256_b32_first128bits":"RVFV5Z2OI2J3ZUO7ERDEBCYNKS","fingerprint_sha256_hex":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","rotates_at":null,"url":"https://pith.science/pith-signing-key.json","notes":"Pith uses this Ed25519 key to sign canonical record SHA-256 digests. Verify with: ed25519_verify(public_key, message=canonical_sha256_bytes, signature=base64decode(signature_b64))."}],"merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","built_at":"2026-08-01T01:53:57Z","links":{"resolver":"https://pith.science/pith/E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IEMVMAOKK3Q4","bundle":"https://pith.science/pith/E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IEMVMAOKK3Q4/bundle.json","state":"https://pith.science/pith/E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IEMVMAOKK3Q4/state.json","well_known_bundle":"https://pith.science/.well-known/pith/E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IEMVMAOKK3Q4/bundle.json"},"state":{"state_type":"pith_open_graph_state","state_version":"1.0","pith_number":"pith:2024:E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IEMVMAOKK3Q4","merge_version":"pith-open-graph-merge-v1","event_count":2,"valid_event_count":2,"invalid_event_count":0,"equivocation_count":0,"current":{"canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9f07502d92d039e57ccba3e8ce8023c5d3471eb6b901a1bdfcc7946c8484f2b7","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.DL","cs.HC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-10-30T04:25:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"01851cc1d3e514ea5481d86ecc54a5eed2d4b67f67a669a1105e516d381f56c9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2411.05025","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"source_aliases":[{"alias_kind":"arxiv","alias_value":"2411.05025","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"arxiv_version","alias_value":"2411.05025v1","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"doi","alias_value":"10.48550/arxiv.2411.05025","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_12","alias_value":"E5TLL7ELBI5L","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_16","alias_value":"E5TLL7ELBI5LR3IE","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"},{"alias_kind":"pith_short_8","alias_value":"E5TLL7EL","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z"}],"graph_snapshots":[{"event_id":"sha256:995373e0f87907690a615671c72da09cdedc3a4dffe9e5792c828b1b2be446cf","target":"graph","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"graph_snapshot":{"author_claims":{"count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","strong_count":0},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"integrity":{"available":true,"clean":true,"detectors_run":[],"endpoint":"/pith/2411.05025/integrity.json","findings":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938","summary":{"advisory":0,"by_detector":{},"critical":0,"informational":0}},"paper":{"abstract_excerpt":"The rise of large language models (LLMs) has led many researchers to consider their usage for scientific work. Some have found benefits using LLMs to augment or automate aspects of their research pipeline, while others have urged caution due to risks and ethical concerns. Yet little work has sought to quantify and characterize how researchers use LLMs and why. We present the first large-scale survey of 816 verified research article authors to understand how the research community leverages and perceives LLMs as research tools. We examine participants' self-reported LLM usage, finding that 81% ","authors_text":"Ai-Heng Lee, Amy X. Zhang, Evie Yu-Yen Cheng, Inyoung Cheong, Joseph Chee Chang, Kyle Lo, Maria Antoniak, Zhehui Liao","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.DL","cs.HC"],"headline":"","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-10-30T04:25:23Z","title":"LLMs as Research Tools: A Large Scale Survey of Researchers' Usage and Perceptions"},"references":{"count":0,"internal_anchors":0,"resolved_work":0,"sample":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2411.05025","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"created_at":null,"id":null,"model_set":{},"one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"pith_extraction_headline":"","strongest_claim":"","weakest_assumption":""}},"verdict_id":null}}],"author_attestations":[],"timestamp_anchors":[],"storage_attestations":[],"citation_signatures":[],"replication_records":[],"corrections":[],"mirror_hints":[],"record_created":{"event_id":"sha256:37fd2409c792bedf91ce0d75076640c71e8f370c1211bedac1e08d823ff5a47d","target":"record","created_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51Z","signer":{"key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signer_id":"pith.science","signer_type":"pith_registry"},"payload":{"attestation_state":"computed","canonical_record":{"metadata":{"abstract_canon_sha256":"9f07502d92d039e57ccba3e8ce8023c5d3471eb6b901a1bdfcc7946c8484f2b7","cross_cats_sorted":["cs.AI","cs.CY","cs.DL","cs.HC"],"license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2024-10-30T04:25:23Z","title_canon_sha256":"01851cc1d3e514ea5481d86ecc54a5eed2d4b67f67a669a1105e516d381f56c9"},"schema_version":"1.0","source":{"id":"2411.05025","kind":"arxiv","version":1}},"canonical_sha256":"2766b5fc8b0a3ab8ed04655807295b871a4b323f766df1ec9154245ec5b33a0a","receipt":{"algorithm":"ed25519","builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1","canonical_sha256":"2766b5fc8b0a3ab8ed04655807295b871a4b323f766df1ec9154245ec5b33a0a","first_computed_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51.246144Z","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","kind":"pith_receipt","last_reissued_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51.246144Z","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","receipt_version":"0.3","signature_b64":"zDQWOgV8RNCAy+1mafxLyeeXEItmztwoyoAHJi+QhREyxKxc7z379GiDdtQtSUotKUYINiPQp5lEBW5vua5rCw==","signature_status":"signed_v1","signed_at":"2026-07-05T09:32:51.246669Z","signed_message":"canonical_sha256_bytes"},"source_id":"2411.05025","source_kind":"arxiv","source_version":1}}},"equivocations":[],"invalid_events":[],"applied_event_ids":["sha256:37fd2409c792bedf91ce0d75076640c71e8f370c1211bedac1e08d823ff5a47d","sha256:995373e0f87907690a615671c72da09cdedc3a4dffe9e5792c828b1b2be446cf"],"state_sha256":"ce9baa4f3dc7be2403ea910dfe41cdd6b39224e5ed4d81d9d8fa6280174e3bcc"},"bundle_signature":{"signature_status":"signed_v1","algorithm":"ed25519","key_id":"pith-v1-2026-05","public_key_fingerprint":"8d4b5ee74e4693bcd1df2446408b0d54","signature_b64":"UqbXsJSBWlXkx84eOqxVY/7gkZ7jeL0uhiHynfSjeMNwcXxkhCjWuhdGu2Lja/JSyKxREs3A0pj4o8qA9EwJBg==","signed_message":"bundle_sha256_bytes","signed_at":"2026-08-01T01:53:57.890869Z","bundle_sha256":"d5599315e22bf6640897dc26a7dd541d007a2cab1c2e3d811fbd25fdd4056a26"}}